实用英语词汇学论文

徐州师范大学2010-2011第二学期公共选修课

《实用英语词汇学》课程论文

论文题目词汇学的重点内容及其在外语学习中的辅助作用

姓名徐行

学号10361018

专业国际经济与贸易

院系国际商学院

摘要：英语词汇（english vocabulary）普遍存在于各种语体中而且对各种语体的言语交际至关重要，因此引起许多语言学家的关注，他们从不同的角度对其进行了研究。本文在对这些研究进行回顾和总结的基础上，尝试分析实用英语词汇学与二外学习的关系、主要内容及其现实意义。

关键词：英语词汇学；内容；作用。

1、导言

词汇是语言的三大要素之一，在语言学习中起着重要作用。英国语言学家威尔斯金曾说过：“没有语法，人们表达的事物寥寥无几，而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何事物。”词汇在语言中占有如此重要的地位，因此对词汇教学进行研究具有重要意义。所有英语的学习者都清楚，学好英语必须学习大量的词汇。但面对如此多的生词时，我们时常感到困惑、烦躁，因此学会一些有用的词汇学知识，使之应用于词汇学习就显得特别重要。所以，本文将探讨英语词汇的学习方法和目的，期望从中能找到学习英语词汇的突破口。

本文主要从词汇学的角度，采用构词法理论和语篇中的词汇衔接理论来研究英语词汇。本文将通过对大量词语的分析、研究来论述词汇产生的原因、背景，在此基础上并试图发现词汇发展的特点。本文期望能具有一定的实用价值，使英语学习者对词的构成及衔接有比较清晰的认识，同时能激发英语学习者学习英语词汇的兴趣，帮助其有效扩大词汇量，灵活掌握英语词汇。

2、文献回顾

作为一种语法现象，英语插入语引起了众多语法学家的关注。本文拟从四个章节研究英语词汇及词汇学习。论文第一章主要介绍二语学得与外语教学工作的关系。接下来第二章是英语词汇学重要内容简述。论文第三章，系统全面地介绍了词汇学在第二语言教学中的作用，重点介绍了构词法、词义变化、英语成语在第二语言教学中的作用。论文第四章，对实用英语词汇学作了简单的总结。

第一章二语学得与外语教学工作的关系

二语习得和二语学得及其与第二语言教学的关系一直是语言学界讨论的热门话题之一。说到二语学得(second language learning),就必然要提及二语习得(second language acquisition),这两个概念是由Krashen区分出来的。二者最主要的不同之处就在于学习环境的不同,二语习得是指学习者在自然使用语言的过程中无意识的运用语言的隐性知识,例如在英美国家学习英语。二语学得是指在本国语言的环境中,通过语言规则的学习,有意识的发展语言的显性知识,例如在中国通过课本学习英语。本文提到的外语教学工作主要是发生在二语学得过程中的工作。明确了二语学得与二语习得的关系后,我们就应该充分利用有利因素,改善不利因素,改进外语学习。在外语学习中必须在调动学习者主观能动性上和创造适宜的客观环境上下功夫,把培养语言的交际能力作为主要的教学目标。因此,我们在外语学习实践中尽力改变一直以来的“我讲你听”的模式,做到以学习者自己为中心,给学习者以最大的语言环境刺激,充分调动其主观能动性,使学习者在听、说、读、写、译方面有所提高。

第二章英语词汇学重要内容简述

词汇学是语言学习中重要的一门,英语词汇学一般是英语专业高年级学生的课程,需要有一定的词汇量和英语的相关知识,才能有效的学习英语词汇学。而通过学习英语词汇学,又能够使英语的学习更加有效,二者的学习相辅相成。

英语词汇学的主要内容有单词的结构、构词法、单词的意义及词义关系、英语词汇的构成、词义的历史演变、成语及词典知识。通过这些方面的学习,学习者能够比较系统的掌握英语词汇的知识,比较深入的了解英语词汇的发展现状和历史演变过程,能够对现代英语词汇

发展的趋势和各种现象做出分析,从而提高运用英语的能力。

英语词汇学中的重点在于其构词法、词义变化和英语成语。构词法包括派生法、复合法、转化法、缩略法、逆生法和拟声法。教师掌握好构词方法,才能在授课过程中明确的讲解词汇的构词特征,学生也能够根据所学的构词知识更加轻松的理解和记忆单词。词义变化是指词义的扩大和缩小,升格和降格。例如,“place”由特指“广场”到泛指的任何“地方”;“starve”由原来的“死去”缩小为“饿死”;“earl”由“人、侍从”发展为“伯爵”;“villain”由“村名”到现在的“坏人”。对于词义变化的学习也就是对于词义发展的学习,了解了词汇意义的变化,我们在阅读一些不同时期的作品时就能够理解同一单词在不同时期的不同含义。对于词义升格和降格的变化还能够帮助我们在不同的场合选择更合适的词汇,以免由于词汇误用而产生误会。英语成语也是词汇学的重要一项,更是英语学习中很有用的内容,英语学习者都知道,尽管我们尽力的学习英语、掌握英语词汇,但是即使再大的词汇量,也不能弥补我们在惯用语理解方面的缺陷。当你的外国朋友说“I’m under the weather”(不舒服、不高兴), 如果你把它理解成“我在天气之下”,那你们的交流将无法继续下去。如果有人“bite your head off”(呵斥你、训斥你),你非但不理解,还回应“thank you”(谢谢),那你将被“laugh one’s head off”(大笑不已)。如果你想“take somebody’s scalp”,你不是要“取某人的人头或杀了他”,而是要“战胜他”,要“战胜他”,你就需要“be up to the eyebrows in”,当然,你需要的是“埋头苦干”,而不是要你整天“皱着眉头”。可见,英语成语的学习对于合理的理解和文化的了解起着不可或缺的作用,而且也能够引起学生的极大学习兴趣,因此,对英语成语的适当讲解在外语教学中既是重要内容又是重要手段。下面我们来从各个方面分析词汇学在第二语言学习中的具体作用。

第三章词汇学在第二语言学习中的作用

1、构词法在第二语言学习中的作用

派生法(derivation)是派生词缀和词根结合,或者粘着词根和粘着词根结合构成单词的方法,这是英语词汇学中最基本的构词法。这种构词法主要包括前缀构词法和后缀构词法,一些构词能力很强的词缀是我们平时比较常见的,典型的前缀“re-”(重新、回复、反对), 例如,cycle-recycle(重新利用),appear-reappear(复现),act-react(反应),“pre-”(在……之前),例如,history-prehistory(史前),pay-repay(预付),natal-prenatal(出生前的),“post-”(在……之后)例如,war-postwar(战后),“de-”(消除),例如,pollute-depollute(消除污染),“un-(in-,ir-,il-,im)”(不,表达反义),例如,able-unable(不能的,不会的),correct-incorrect(错误的,不正确的),regular-irregular(不规则),legal-illegal(不合法的),proper-improper(不合适的);典型的后缀“-er/-or”(……的人、施动者),例如,accuse-accuser(指控者),act-actor(演员),“-ness”(名词后缀), 例如,happy-happyness,“-able”(形容词后缀),例如,move(v.移动)-movable(a.可移动的),“-ish”(形容词后缀),例如,book(n.书)-bookish(a.书的,与书有关的,书生气的),“-ise/-ize”(动词后缀),例如,computer(电脑)-computerize(电脑化),analysis(n. 分析)-analyze(v. 分析),“-ify”(动词后缀),例如,simple(简明的,简单的)-simplify(使简化)等等。如果能够较好的掌握这些词缀的性质和意义,对我们的英语学习,尤其是词汇的学习有重要的作用,我们还能运用词缀的技巧来进行有效的词义猜测,从而提高英语的阅读理解能力。

另外一种比较常见的构词法是复合法,即把两个或两个以上的词结合在一起构成新词的方法,这是英语词汇学中最常见的构词法。复合词不同于一般的词组,而是作为一个词看待,在句中充当一个成分,只能够在词尾有变化,词中间不能有变化,例如,“fine arts”(美术)中的修饰成分没有比较级或最高级,不可以出现“*finer arts”或“*finest arts”。复合词的词义不是构成它的单词的词义简单相加,而是从中引出新的词义。例如,“Indian paper”的意思是“字典纸”,而不是从字面得到的含义“印度纸”。“dog days”(暑天)如果被按照字面意思解释出来会闹出笑话。复合名词的复数一般在后一个成分上表示,这也是区分复合词和词组的重要标准,例如,flowerpots(花盆),eggshells(蛋壳)。复合词的书写方式有两种,可以连写也可以用连字符或

直接分开写,在区分复合词和短语时,根据书写方式,我们可以断定连写的和用连字符的肯定是复合词。只有了解了这些复合词的构词规则,才能够更好的理解和运用。转化法是指不改变词形,只是通过词类的变化而使一个词具有新的意义和作用的方法。这个方法主要是名词、动词和形容词等主要词性之间的转化。“dog”由名词转化成动词,意为“尾随、追踪”,“tutor”经过同样的转化成为“辅导,当……的教师”,“man”变成动词意思为“配备人员”;“dry”由形容词转化成动词,意为“使……变干”,“brave”同法变为“冒着……,敢于……”,形容词“poor/rich”转化成名词加上“the”便可以用来指“这一类的人”,“the haves and have-nots”(有钱人和没钱人),“pros and cons”(赞成者和反对者),“a must”(必须做的事)。还有些转化为形容词的,例如,“off-and-on”(断断续续的),“cradle-to-grave”(自始至终的)。有了这些词汇转化的常识,我们不仅能在阅读和理解中节省时间,还能够掌握词汇的多种用法,丰富词汇量,从而可以更好的运用。另外三种辅助的构词法比较简单,构词比例不大,此处不再详述。

2、词义变化在第二语言教学中的作用

词义扩大是指词的意义从特定的意义扩大为普遍的意义,或者从“种”的概念扩大到“类”的概念,结果是新义大于旧义。例如,现在常用的“lady”一词,最初的意义是“女主人”,随着词义的渐渐扩大,它被赋予了“贵族太太”、“有教养的妇女”等意义,而现在它可以用于指任何“女人”,是一种礼貌的用法。词义扩大主要有三种形式:从特指到泛指,例如,butcher(宰羊的人-屠夫);从具体到抽象,例如,thing(集会,集会上讨论的问题-所有东西);从术语或专有名词到一般词语或普通名词,例如,allergic(对……过敏-对……不喜欢、厌恶),watt(人名瓦特-计量单位瓦特),newton(人名牛顿-计量单位牛顿)。

词义的缩小与扩大是相反的概念。此处简单举例说明,“hound”一词原义可以任何一种“狗”,经过词义缩小的变化,现在多用来专指“猎犬”,“room”原指“空间、地方”,现在指具体的空间“房间”。

词义的升格和降格指的是词义朝着褒义和贬义方向发展的过程。例如,“marshal”一词原义是“喂马的人”,不过是个“弼马温”,而现在它被赋予了“元帅”的新义。“minister”也由原来的“仆人”升格为“部长、大臣”。“silly”一词更是经历了有趣的降格变化,由最初古英语中的“幸福的”,发展到中古时期的“天真的”,再发展到现代的“愚蠢的”。“sad”由古代的“满足的”意思降格为现在的“悲伤的”。可见,有些词义发生了翻天覆地的变化。对于词义变化的学习也就是对于词义发展的学习,了解了词汇意义的变化,我们在阅读一些不同时期的作品时就能够理解同一单词在不同时期的不同含义。对于词义升格和降格的变化还能够帮助我们在不同的场合选择更合适的词汇,以免由于词汇误用而产生误会。

3、英语成语在第二语言教学中的作用

如前文所讲,即使再大的词汇量,也不能弥补我们在惯用语理解方面的缺陷。英语成语是人们长期以来形成的、惯用的、形式简介、意思精辟的习惯用法或固定词组或短句。作为外语,我们对英语中这类词组或短句的学习和理解有一定的困难。举一个很简单的例子,我们中国人见面招呼时用的是“您好!”,而英语用的是“How do you do?”从表达方式和标点符号上都不相同,而按照中国人的理解,英文的表达法“How do you do?”的字面意思“你怎样做?”可以说毫无意义。同样的情况,如果把汉语的问候语“您好!”按照字面意思直接翻译成英语,就是“Y ou are fine!”,这在说英语的国家里也是无法理解的。另外,当我们要求别人帮忙或受到帮助后,英文会说“Thank you”或“It’s very kind of you”, 而在汉语中,我们要用各种形式的“谢谢”或“劳驾”来表达。如果你看到一个几乎众所周知的英语成语“kick the bucket”(去世)你就去“踢水桶”,那你可就要被“laugh one’s head off”(大笑不已)了。当你做事处处碰钉子时,你要“rack your brain”(绞尽脑汁)或“pull your socks up”(加紧努力)的想办法,而不是“bite your nails”(焦躁不安,束手无策)。对英语成语的学习不仅能够使我们对不同的文化做出合理理解,而且也能够调动学生的积极性,因此,对英语成语的适当讲解在外语学习中既是重要内容又是重要手段。

第四章结语

本文简单叙述了词汇学的重点内容及其在外语学习中的辅助作用,为进一步研究它们与外语教学之间的关系奠定了基础,但仍有很大研究空间,希望能够为广大英语学习者进一步的研究工作提供有用的资料。

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[3] 汪榕培,卢晓娟.英语词汇学教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997.

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英语词汇学教程期末总结 1、 what is lexicology? Lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language. It deals not only with simple words, but also with complex and compound words. 2、 morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components. In morphology, morpheme is a basic concept. Morphemes are considered as the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words. Semantics is often defined as the study of meaning. Semantics is usually approached from one of two perspectives: philosophical or linguistic. Etymology is the study of the whole history of words. First…second…third P2 3、 lexicography is closely related to the words in a given language. It involves the writing and compilation of dictionaries, especially dealing with the principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing dictionaries. 4、 Major features of words: 背

成绩 Root and Affixation of Lexicology Abstract: It’s important and permanent to master the vocabulary in the English learning. Everyone who has ever set foot on English realizes that it’s somewhat incredible for us to reciting numerous and difficult words. Nevertheless, there are some skills we should acquire to make word-recitation easier and more effective. This paper mainly discusses the using of vocabulary root and affix. Only by having a good knowledge of the roots and affixes, can we prosper our English vocabulary and further our English study. Key words: root; affixation; detailed analysis; difficult words 1Introduction: Blindly reciting numerous and difficult words is a total waste of time and energy. Especially, situation becomes worse for the college students with little words storage and non-interest. However, most of the English words are comprised with roots and affixes, which are limited, stable and short. If we acquire them, it will be much simpler and rapider for us to recognize the unfamiliar and difficult words through the analysis on roots and affixes. If we can master and know how to use them properly, it will be a big step for the further study of this foreign language. A road of a thousand miles begins with each single step, so does the English words. Now we are going to learn the root and affixation respectively. Definition is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity and it carries the main component of meaning in a word. By learning the roots, we will find it not complicated for us to understand the long and difficult words which we often encounter in the tough reading test. However long and tough the word is, we can divide it into several parts, the fundamental part is the root and then we can understand what it means and fluently blurt it out without repeating it. Here are some detail analyses of the examples: Internationalist: nation is the root which means country or state, inter- is prefix meaning between or interactive, -al is the suffix and the –ist is the suffix meaning the person. So you will quite simply find its meaning. Invigorate: the root is vigor similar to power and energy, in- means making sth have the function of verb, here is make sth vigor, -ate is the verb suffix. So invigorate is to make sth vigorous. Antecedent: -ced- is the root referring to motion or going forward, ante- is before, and –ent means somebody. So antecedent is somebody who moves ahead of us, the same as forefather or ancestor. Protract: -tract is the root like pulling sth or extending sth make it wider or longer, pro- is the prefix meaning “ahead”. After analyzing this word, we know that “protract” is similar to prolong meaning make sth longer or longer to live. A lot of words contain this root, such as detract, extract, subtract, attract, tractable, intractable, etc. Arbitrariness: arbitrary is the root indicating to randomness or out of order, -ness is the noun suffix. The profound meaning of learning roots is that you will find it much easy to memorize words because there are so many word share the same root. No matter how long and hoe difficult the word is, the basic meaning of the word is stable and unchangeable. If we recite words according the

Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]

Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.

1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)

1、选择题（2 ×15=30） 2、填空题（2×5=10 ） 3、搭配题(1×10=10) 4、名词解释题(4×5=20) 5、问题回答(5×3=15) 6、论述题(第39题7分，第40题8分) 选择题： 1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN 2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. –ful . 3．Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family. 4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes. 5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning. 6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy. 7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as B .derivational affixes. 8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs. https://www.docsj.com/doc/e218022355.html,ually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an organization’s activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西

英语词汇学期末论文 题目：浅析英语词汇巧记法 专业：英语 班级：13级3班 学号：201313010309 姓名：黄旷静 完成时间：2015年1月14号

浅析英语词汇巧记法 摘要：词汇是英语学习的基础，没有足够的词汇量就不可能高水平的掌握英语这门外语，而浩瀚的词汇海洋让很多人望而生畏。尽管花费了大量时间精力去背，记忆的效果却差强人意，原因就在于没有使用科学的方法记忆词汇。其实，世间万物都是有规律性的，英语单词的组词与构词方法也有规律，了解了它的规律有利于我们有效甚至高效学习英语单词。为了提高单词记忆的效率，本文从不同方面介绍几种记忆方法。 关键词：词汇科学记忆规律效率 一．读音记忆法 1.拼读法 英语是拼音文字，英语中的单词的读音大多是有规律的，熟悉字母及字母组合的发音规则，掌握正确的拼法与读音之间的关系，可以根据单词的读音，降低记忆难度，正确地拼写单词。 例如ay读[ei]。带有ay字母组合的词，如say，day，way，pay，may，play，spray，不仅发音容易，而且拼写也没有任何困难。Sh ch tion ture 等也都有固定读音，ee发音为i: culture 文化pasture牧场mature 成熟的architecture 建筑学带有true的单词也都能很方便的记忆下来

2.谐音法 尽管有些人认为用这种谐音记忆法记忆单词不科学，不利于正确掌握发音，但实践证明，对尚未掌握外语的构词特点和记词规律的初学者来说，采用谐音法记单词确实能有效地记住一部分难记的单词。但是，在用谐音法记单词时需要特别注意，绝不可将其作为模仿发音的依据，只能作为记忆单词时的谐音联想手段，以加强记忆，而必须按照单词的标准发音去读记，以避免这种记词法干扰正确发音。用谐音法记单词是，根据外语单词的读音到中文中寻找与其读音相似的谐音，寻找到谐音与单词的联系。用这种方法甚至可能达到终身不忘，这也正是谐音记忆法的绝妙之处。 例如：mouth嘴[联想：说话“冒失”的就是嘴] think想[联想：想时要“深刻”] 二．联想法 1.拆分联想 科学研究表明：联想是记忆的基础。世界著名的生理学家巴甫洛夫指出："记忆要依靠联想，而联想则是新旧知识建立联系的产物。”联想法是联想记忆的进一步运用和发展。它是指学习者展开积极丰富的想象力，使所要记忆的知识生动、形象化，通过联想在新旧知识(如英语熟词词义与生词词义)之间建立起一种联系，从而达到以旧带新、快速记忆的目的。

2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek

英语词汇学知识点归纳 Standardization of sany group #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#

English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. The Nature and Scope of English lexicology： English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary Vocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words： By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words&functional words By origin:native words&borrowed words The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary. The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征): 1)All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性） 3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性） 没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话） (3)slang（俚语） (4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email) Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but) Native Words and Borrowed Words Native words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in use

英语是当今国际性最强的语言。对学习英语的人来说，简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程，对英语知识的掌握会是一个很大的促进。英语是当今国际性最强的语言。在全世界用得最广的10种语言中，英语居首，虽然说汉语的人数占世界首位，但说英语的人在世界上分布最广。对学英语的人来说，简单了解一下英语词汇的发展过程，对学习英语不仅是一个很大的促进，而且随着英语在我国经济、商业各部门的地位Et趋重要，对英语词汇的发展有个大概的了解，会为较快地扩大词汇量，掌握更多的英语知识铺平道路。一种民族语言及其词汇的发展与民族的历史密切相关。要了解英语词汇的发展史，不可避免地跟整个英语的发展史，及至英国的历史是密不可分的。不列颠群岛的最早居民是克尔特人。公元前55年，罗马人在凯撒大帝的率领下入侵不列颠群岛，克尔特人被赶入威尔士和苏格兰的深山之中。这一时期，在英国历史上称为罗马占领时期。直到公元410年，罗马占领时期才告结束。随后，来自德国北部平原的三个13耳曼部落盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人开始来到不列颠定居，英语就是盎格鲁——撒克逊人的语言。语言史家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期：古英语时期；中古英语时期；现代英语时期。一、古英语时期：又称盎格鲁——撒克逊时期。13耳曼部落在不列颠定居以后，各自占领了一地区。盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰大部地区和苏格兰的低地；撤克逊人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区；朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区。由于全国长期没有统一，所以，古英语时期存在着多种方言，其中撒克逊语曾一度占主导地位，在英语形成过程中起了重要作用。古英语的词汇有着浓厚的13耳曼语族的特点，这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法，复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著地位。据统计，在英语史诗《贝奥伍夫》的3000行诗句中，竞有1069个复合词，像fifteen，Sunday，Monday等都在其中。古英语时期有两个重要历史事件给英语词汇带来较大影响。第一件事是基督教传人英国。公元597年，一个名叫奥古斯丁的牧师从罗马来英国传教，罗马文化随着基督教传人英国。与此同时，一批拉丁词汇进入英语，像表示家庭用具的词如kettle，cup；表示植物名称的词有pear，beet；以及street，wall，wine等。此外，还有大批与宗教有关的拉丁词汇进入英语，像creed，pope，priest，gospel等。第二件事是北欧人人侵英国。从公元790年开始，大量斯堪的纳维亚人在英国定居，丹麦国王卡纽特还一度成为英国的君主。斯堪的纳维亚人和英国人交往频繁，很多斯堪的纳维亚词汇进入英语。这表现在：1、英语中的一些常用代词(they，them，their，both，same等)都来自斯堪的纳维亚语。2、与普通百姓的13常生活有关的很多词汇来自斯堪的纳维亚语。如：名词有anger，egg，fellow，gate，husband等；形容词有happy，ill，weak，wrong等；动词有call，get，give，lift，raise等。这些斯堪的纳维亚词汇至今仍在英语中广泛使用。二、中古英语时期：公元1066年，诺曼人在威廉率领下，横渡英吉利海峡，在哈斯丁战役中击溃了盎格鲁撒克逊军队。英王哈罗德战死，英国被征服，这在历史上称为诺曼征服。诺曼征服对英语的发展有巨大的影响。早在诺曼征服以前，法语词汇就开始进入英语。英法两国隔海相望，历史上两国交往频繁，在古代和中世纪，两国的王室、贵族通婚时有发生。以诺曼征服为起点的中古英语时期，约有10000多法语词汇进入英语，其中75％流传至今并仍在使用。诺曼征服以后，英国结束了分裂状态，置于中央集权的封建制度统治之下。诺曼人占据了教会和政府的一切重要职务。以后的二、三百年间，诺曼法语成为英国的官方语言，普通人仍然说英语，但英语的文字记载几乎中断。直到1204年以后，英语才逐渐恢复主导地位。15世纪，伦敦标准方言兴起。这一时期，英语词汇的变化相当显著，由于诺曼法语度是英国统治阶级的语言，大批法语词汇涌入英语，这在政治、宗教、法律、军事、社交、服饰、饮食——凡是与统治阶级有关的一切领域都有反映。法语词成为这些领域所用词语的主体。据说，一个受过相当教育的英国人，即使没