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15-16学年高中英语讲练(人教新课标)：Unit 5 Grammar Word版含答案

GRAMMAR

构词法

【归纳】英语构词法主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。

一、合成

合成就是用两个或两个以上的词干结合组成新词的方法。有的用连字符“-”连接，有的直接连写在一起，还有的由两个分开的词构成。如：

1. 合成名词

名词+名词：postman, girlfriend, seaside

形容词+名词：blackboard, greenhouse

名词+动词：daybreak, sunrise

动词-ing形式+名词：reading room, washing machine

名词+动词-ing形式：handwriting, papermaking

其它形式：go-between, passer-by

2. 合成形容词

形容词/数词+名词：deep-sea, one-way

名词+过去分词：home-made, hand-made

名词+形容词：snow-white, world-famous

形容词/数词+名词：full-time, second-hand

形容词+动词-ing形式：good-looking

形容词+过去分词：short-sighted, newborn

副词+过去分词：so-called, newly-published

其它形式：face-to-face, evergreen

二、转化

转化是指一个单词的词形不经过任何变化而由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性。1. 动词转化为名词

有些词在转化过程中词义变化不大，如：walk (v. 行走，散步→ n. 行走，散步), swim (v. 游泳→ n. 游泳)。有些动词转化为名词时意义有一定的变化，如：feed (v. 喂养→ n. 饲料)。

2. 名词转化为动词。如：snow (n. 雪,下雪→ v. 下雪)，ship (n. 船→ v. 用船运送)。

3. 形容词转化为动词、名词或副词。如：quiet (adj. 安静的→ v. 使安静), calm (adj. 镇静的→ n. 镇静), cheap (adj. 便宜的→ adv. 便宜地)。

三、派生

派生是指通过给一个单词加前缀或后缀构成另一个词。

1. 常见前缀：

1）dis-, in-, il-, im-, ir-, un-, non- (表否定): disobey, incomplete, illegal, impossible, irregular, unwise, non-smoker

2）mis- (表贬义): misunderstand, mislead

3）over-, super-, under- (表程度): overweight, supermarket, undercharge

4）fore-, trans-, inter- (表位置): forehead, transplant, international

5）re-, post-, pre- (表次序、时间): rebuild, post-war, pre-school

6）bi-, tri-, multi-, semi- (表数量): bicycle, tricycle, multi-racial, semicircle

7）a-, en- (转化词类): asleep, endanger

2. 常见后缀：

1）名词后辍

-ery, -ry (表性质、场所): bravery, nursery

-hood (表身份、性质): boyhood, falsehood (谎言)

-ism (表主义、行为): socialism (社会主义), criticism (批评), tourism

-ship (表状态、身分): friendship, membership

-ess (表女性): waitress, actress

-er, -or (表施事者): employer, interviewer

-ee (表受事者): employee, interviewee

-ist (表主义者、从事某种职业): socialist, violinist

-al (表行为、结果): refusal, arrival

-ation (表过程、状态): exploration, starvation

-ment (表结果): amazement

-ity, -ness (形容词转名词): majority, happiness

2）形容词后缀

-ed (表具有): wooded, bearded

-ful (表充满): pitiful, careful

-ish (表类似): childish, youngish

-less (表没有): careless, powerless

-like (表“像”): childlike, ladylike

-ly (表特色、“每”): motherly, daily

-y (表具有……特征): sandy, cloudy

-able, -ive (动词转形容词): changeable, attractive

-al, -ial, -ical (表具有……特点，与……有关): accidental, professorial, psychological

3）副词后缀

-ly: calmly, frequently

4）动词后缀

-en, -ify, -ize: widen, simplify, symbolize

【即学即练】

1. There has been a huge increase in the ________ of children’s books.

2. You were always so relaxed and ________. It was one of the things I liked about you.

3. All the mistakes has been ________ in red ink.

4. It will be a difficult operation, ________ method you choose.

5. Mike is wearing a pair of old ________ walking boots.

II. 写出下列句子中画线单词的词性及含义。

1. ① His heart beat faster when he heard his name called. _______________

② We heard the beat of a drum. _______________

2. ① In hot summer days big trees can cool us with their shade. _______________

②Come and sit in the shade. It’s quite cool here. _______________

3. ① Tom was told to paint the fence on a Saturday morning. _______________

② Do you have any more white paint? _______________

4. ① Each of the boys walked past him but he pretended not to see anyone. _______________

② He has been busy for the past few weeks. _______________

III. 给下列单词加上前缀dis-, un-, in-, im-或mis-, 构成意思相反的词。

1. agree ________________

2. complete ________________

3. healthy ________________

4. important ________________

5. able ________________

6. cover ________________

7. known ________________

8. understand ________________

9. fair ________________

10. possible ________________

IV. 根据括号内的提示完成下面短文。

Nobody who wants to buy their favourite author’s latest book needs to queue up in the 1. ________ (书店) anymore. These days there are lots of mail order companies which 2. ________ (special) in selling books online —a(n) 3. ________ (有名的) one is Amazon. So, in your 4. ________ (comfort) home and at the click of a mouse, you can look through the online catalogues (目录). You can also find out what the latest 5. ________ (畅销书) are and read other peopl e’s reviews of them. Sometimes you can even read a part of a book. You can search for a book online, even if you don’t know its title 6. ________ (exact), as the 7. ________ (网站) will probably be able to identify it for you. If you want to place an order, there’s 8. ________ (usual) the choice of paperback or hardback, brand new or 9. ________ (二手的). You’ll be asked how many copies you wish to order and how you want to pay. 10. ________ (final) all you have to do is sit back and wait for the parcel to arrive by post. Book-buying has never been easier.

参考答案

I. 1. output 2. easy-going 3. underlined 4. whichever 5. worn-out

II. 1. ①动词；（心）跳动②名词；有规律的敲击（声）

2. ①动词；使凉下来②形容词；凉爽的

3. ①动词；油漆②名词；颜料，油漆

4. ①介词；经过②形容词；过去的

III. 1. disagree 2. incomplete 3. unhealthy 4. unimportant 5. unable / disable

6. discover / uncover

7. unknown

8. misunderstand

9. unfair 10. impossible

IV.

1. bookshop / bookstore

2. specialize

3. well-known / famous

4. comfortable

5. bestsellers

6. exactly

7. website

8. usually

9. secondhand 10. Finally

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