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实用英语词汇学复习

Lexicology 词汇学

Lexicology, as the science of words, is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation, and usages.

Word 单词

A word is a minimal free form of a language, a sound unity, a unit of meaning, and a form that can function alone in a sentence.

Classification of words/vocabulary: Full form, popular learned, abstract concrete, transparent opaque, polysemic monosemic, native loan

V ocabulary 词汇

V ocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect, a book, a subject, and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.

Morphemes 语素

Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.

Allomorphs 语素变体

Allomorphs are the various morphs which represent one morpheme.

Free morpheme 自由语素(free root)

Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.

Bound morpheme 粘着语素(bound root + affix)

Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.

Inflectional affix 屈折词缀

Inflectional affix are attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationship Derivational affix 派生词缀(prefix + suffix)

Derivational affix are affixes added to other morphemes to create a new word.

Root 词根

Root is the basic form of a word, which cannot be further analyzed.

Stem 词干

Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.

Base 词基

Base is any part of a word when an affix is added to a root, or stem.

1. Affixation 词缀法(prefixation + suffixation) (Means of word formation) Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases.

2. Compounding 合成法

Compounding is a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.

3. Conversion 转化法(一个单词的不同词性)

Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another 4. Blending 拼缀法(head + word + tail)

Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another. E.g. motel, chunnel, telex, medicare, bookmobile, workfare. 5. Clipping 截短法

Clipping is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. E.g. bike, biz, comfy, hanky, sarge, fridge, memo, scope, copter.

6. Acronym首字母拼音词

Acronym is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.

7. Back-formation 逆成法(e.g. drowse, laze, diagnose, enthuse, emote)

Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. Reference 指代

Reference is the relationship between language and the word.

Concept 概念

Concept is the result of human cognition, reflecting objective world in human mind. Sense 意思

Sense is simply the meaning of a word in a language.

Motivation 理据

Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning Types of motivation: Onomatopoeic(slink), morphological(penknife), semantic(top of trees), etymological(pen, laconic, sandwich, braille)

Types of meaning: Grammatical, lexical, conceptual, connotative(woman, human adult), stylistic(general), affective(appreciative, pejorative, neutral), collocative(chair) 1. Polysemy 一词多义(Types of sense relations)

Polysemy happens when more than one meaning is attached to a word.

Radiation 词义辐射(two Process of development)

Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. (head) Concatenation 语义的联结

Semantically, concatenation is the process in which the meaning of a word gradually changes by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning. (cardinal)

2. Homonymy 同音异义

Homonymy is the relation between pairs or groups of word which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike or spelled alike or both.

Types of homonyms: Perfect homonyms, homophones, homographs (identical sound spelling different meaning)

3. Synonymy 同义

4. Antonymy 反义

Antonymy can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.

Types of antonyms: Contradictory terms (true/false), relative terms (lend/borrow, husband/wife), contrary terms (handsome/ugly/meager)

5. Metonyms转喻(crown, a metonymy for monarchy)

6. Retronyms (silent movie)

7. Hyponymy 上下义关系(superordinate + subordinate)

Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter.

Types of changes in word meaning:

1. Narrowing of meaning 语义专门化(girl, corn, garage, meat, -able)

Narrowing of meaning or specialization of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense.

2. Extension of meaning 词义扩展化(manuscript, bonfire, thing)

Extension of meaning or generalization of meaning means the widening of a word’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.

3. Degeneration of meaning 词义降格(lovely, silly, sad, cunning, lust)

It is a process by which words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words and finally they come to be used in a derogatory sense.

4. Elevation of meaning 词义升格(nice, angle, luxury, fond, nimble, minister) Elevation of meaning refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.

5. Euphemism 委婉语(pass away for die) Context 语境

Context in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. But, in broader sense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.

1. Linguistic context 语言语境(lexical+grammatical+verbal) (Types of context) Linguistic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense.

2. Extra-linguistic context 语言之外的环境

Extra-linguistic context refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word is used but also to the entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is set.

Clues for inferring word meaning in context: Definition, explanation, example, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, relevant details, word structure.

Functions of context: Elimination of ambiguity, indication of referents, provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.

Idiom 习语

Idiom is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meanings of its constituent words. It is a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning. Types of idiom: Idioms nominal in nature, idioms adjectival in nature, idioms verbal in nature, idioms adverbial in nature, sentence idioms.

Proverbs 谚语

They are sentences accepted by people and handed down to the present day because they express some obvious truth or familiar experience in a concise and witty style.

(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理

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(完整版)英语词汇学英语词汇学习题3及答案

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初中英语词汇辨析的知识点总复习有解析

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