历史街区的景观改造研究-外文资料翻译

外文资料翻译

Study on Renovation of the Landscapes of Historical Blocks

Every city has its own special memories，which are incarnated in its landscapes of historical blocks．Washington Charter has presented the so-far best definition of historical blocks:they are the blocks with great historical values of a city or a town，whether they are large or small，in urban or in suburban Historical blocks are not only precious heritages of historical culture in material form，but also the linking nodes connecting the present with the past as well with the future of a city in spirit．When we design a modern city，we not only need to make the scientific planning for its function，but also should pay much attention to its local and traditional features so that it can not be neglected among the landscapes of modern cities．Therefore，it is significant to make studies on the protection and development of historical blocks．

1 The Present Status of Historical Blocks in China

Since 21th century，China has entered a fast developing period，and many sequelae resulted from rebuilding in large scale are witnessed.The old city blocks are usually important areas with clusters of buildings and high business value which are favored by the real estate developers.Authorized by the policies，many local governments implement " the Project of Old Block Reconstruction" in large scale and allow the developing rights to the real estate developers．The demolishment and reconstruction certainly cause the traditional style to disappear and traditional culture cannot be inherited because the old city blocks usually reflect the traditional city life style and traditional culture .The material civilization allows people enjoy the convenience of the modern society resulted from new technologies

and new materials，but makes them away from the comforts and leisure which is resulted from the decline of spirit culture．Nowadays，the residential houses and historical blocks which bear the memories of old city are gradually

passing into oblivion，the traditional culture and life style can hardly survive the modern buildings．

2 The approaches to rebuilding the historical blocks

The landscapes of historical blocks are the most important bearer of the historical value．The values of historical culture，residential culture，courtyard culture，and the architecture culture are mainly incarnated in such substantial hards capes．Such historical blocks endow people a feeling of space and site，the layout of alleys，the distribution of courtyards，the style of buildings，and their designs should show a historical feeling．The historical blocks consist of ancient architectures( including public ancient buildings and private residential houses)，public infrastructures，gardens，and service buildings，etc．［3］Made of wood that is apt to decay，the ancient architectures in China differ from those of Westerns which are made of stones or bricks so that the ancient Chinese architectures need frequent repairing．The historical blocks usually located in the central areas where are densely populated，heavily buildings clustered，and they are " the gold areas" for the real estate developers．Aiming at the maximum profit，the developers usually do not care about their historical culture and value in their reconstruction．In addition，the historical blocks are not properly protected and repaired because of the shortage of funds．It is an crucial task to rebuild the substantial landscape in the protection of historical blocks．2-1 The repairs for old buildings The main-body buildings in the historical blocks are usually consists of the old architectures which are the most ancient Chinese-style buildings except a few．They were built with wood，bricks，stones and earth，dominating in wood．The following steps should be adopted for the reconstruction of ancient buildings in the historical blocks: 2-1-2 To make a survey of the data of the ancient building and identify its historical value．There are many cultural relics and historical buildings with high historical value. A thorough survey for the ancient architectural blocks must be conducted before the implementation of their reconstruction so as to make certain whether the cultural relics and historical buildings exist.If such

relics or buildings exist in the blocks，their covering areas should be marked; they must be protected and repaired according to the law of relic protection．When a survey for historical relics has been completed，the investigations on the other old buildings，including their building year，style，design and even their damage，should be made and the data be recorded，according to which the endangered buildings and old buildings were respectively identified.The former should be reconstructed and the latter be repaired．

In recent years，influenced by the tide of reconstruction of old and endangered blocks，many old buildings which can be still used are demolished and rebuilt．According to the " the theory of organic renewal" established by professor Wu Liangyong，it is necessary to distinguished what the endangered buildings and what the old buildings are; and the endangered should be saved or rebuilt，but the old be repaired．The endangered buildings refer to those whose bearing components are in danger and have no bearing ability，the building may fall down at any time，so they are out of utilization in safety; while the old buildings refer to those whose bearing components have been not renewed for long time，but their bearing ability is still in good condition．It is the first step to distinguish what the endangered

and what the old are before the reconstruction and repairing of the historical blocks．

2-1-2 To repair or rebuild the different old building in different ways according to their own status．

( 1) Cultural buildings．The repairing of cultural buildings must be implemented according to the law of cultural relic protection，observing the principle of " Priority for protecting，first saving，reasonably utilization，strictly managing" ，the structural components should not be changed as possibly，while the newly-supplemented ones should be marked their date in use，repairing the old as its originals hold．

( 2) Old buildings.The repairing and maintaining as well as inner rebuilding can be conducted for those old buildings which are out of repair for a long

time．The repair should not make their style and shape and structure changed，reaching the aim of repairing the old as its originals hold．Many the old traditional residential buildings have been in use for living apartments though their layouts do not meet the requirement of modern life．Therefore，the new requirement of owners should be taken into account and the inner structures can be adjusted and rebuilt．Since the volumetric ratio，water supply and drainage system，privacy all cannot meet the requirement of modern life，the interior rebuilding is mainly concentrated on replenishing the functional equipment．The rebuilding is aiming at meeting the requirement of owners，improving their living quality，but unchanging the style and feature of the buildings．

( 3) The endangered buildings.The use of such buildings，both for living and for other purposes，should be avoided．If they have landscape values，they should be protected through technical measures and replacing the components．Otherwise they should be rebuilt according to their style and features which also should be in agreement with their neighborhood．( 4) Those to be newly-built.They should be in accord with those in the neighborhood both in style and feature.Such buildings are clustered into two kinds，the newly-rebuilt and the newly-developed.The former should maintain the style and feature of the original．And the latter can be properly improved their volumetric ratio and layout except for being in agreement with their neighborhood．

( 5) The buildings negatively influencing the landscape．Many historical buildings are negatively influenced by the modern buildings which mainly high，storeyed buildings，the architectural elevation are out of agreement with the landscape，influencing the sky-line and the background environment．It is necessary to make elevational rebuilding of the buildings which are negatively influence the landscape．For example，the surrounding buildings of the Temple of Zhuge Liang were rebuilt in the style of residential buildings in western Sichuan．It is suggested that the high，multistorey buildings in the historical blocks be dismantled except those which have special reasons for their

existence．The reconstruction and repairing of historical blocks should be kept in agreement of their style and feature which are the reasons for making people have a feeling of history and place because the historical environment composing of such building clusters.Living equipment should be supplemented to the old buildings in historical blocks to meet the requirement of the owners' living.In general，the repairing and reconstruction of the old buildings should observe the principle of enhancing their function and remaining their style．2-2 The reconstruction of the infrastructures The historical blocks formed though the following two ways: ①Formed in overall planning and gradually improved．Such historical blocks were built according to their overall planning which might be carried out by the ancient local government.In ancient time，the planning of the blocks before their construction might be conducted if the economy was prosperous．The blocks in many northern cities are such examples.Some of them center about the private gardening residences．The planners of such blocks were the majors in the local economy．In ancient time，the planning of a block was carried out according to Chinese geomancy( Fengshui).The layout and infrastructures of historical blocks cannot meet the requirement of modern people thoughthey were fully considered in planning．②Formed spontaneously．Some historical blocks formed spontaneously，centering about the temples，monasteries，even a spontaneously-formed residential cluster．Such kind of bocks usually formed in agreement with the natural geography，with densely-clustered residential buildings，debunching layout of which little was taken into account of the public infrastructures．There are two problems about the public infrastructures in the historical blocks．First，they cannot meet the requirement of modern life; second，they are usually out of repair and maintaining so that they are out of use because of serious damage．Furthermore，there problems about the water supply and drainage system in the historical blocks，the residents in the blocks face with difficulties in water supply as well as drainage．Safety problem also plagues the residents in the historical blocks．Many attached buildings to the original residential buildings which are densely clustered and in want of

fire-fighting system cause the blocks to be in danger．The following principles should be adhered for the infrastructure reconstruction of the historical blocks: ( 1) To avoid heavy reshaping and change as less as possible．The buildings in the historical blocks need protecting so that the heavy reshaping could be avoided when the infrastructures are innovated.The structural features of the buildings should be taken into account when the pipeline systems are installed，changing the original structure of the historical buildings as less as possible．( 2) To remain the original style and feature The pavements of the historical blocks have values of sight-seeing，heavy loss will be caused if they are rebuilt．The construction of water supply and drainage systems will seriously get the roads destroyed．If they must be reconstruction，the original materials should be preserved during the reconstruction.The newly-selected materials will be in agreements with the original feature．For example，the well covers are designed as pseudo-antiques in many historical blocks，creating historical feeling．

2-3 Reshaping green landscapes There are the well-designed green landscapes in many historical blocks.They are established on the basis of the following historical reasons: ①The historical blocks are the developed business centers in a certain regions．In such blocks，many rich men built their residences in which gardens were their important parts.These well-designed, fine-management gardens have high sight-seeing value．They were well preserved，protected and even expanded though their owners were different in different historical stages．②The green landscape in historical blocks are usually well-protected and not destroyed because many people believe on geomancy so that many ancient trees survived.Unlike the historical buildings requiring frequent repair and rebuilding，the greening trees can survive and growth without any care provided that their circumstances have not heavily damaged so that many ancient trees survived in such blocks．In the construction of modern cities，many real estate developers ignore the value of greening landscapes in the historical blocks，demolished many historical gardens to build houses and office buildings，leading to the consequence that many ancient trees

disappeared．The renovation of gardening landscapes in the historical blocks should observe the following principles．

(1)Taking the protection first，trying to remain the original style and feature．Such gardening landscapes usually dominate in ancient wood，they have a long history with a certain ancient relics．For the historical gardens with the value of cultural relics，their redressing should be conducted according to the law of cultural relic protection．As for the redressing of the inherited common green landscapes，some resting facilities can be built in the areas while the original style and feature should be remained．The materials and the techniques in the classic garden construction should be applied during redressing the garden landscapes．The protection should be put first during redressing the gardens in the historical blocks，remaining the original style and feature with change as less as possible．The ancient wood should be carefully protected．

( 2) The renovation of the recently-built green landscapes．There are usually recently-built greening landscapes in the historical blocks．Some of them are disagreed with the landscapes in the blocks．Squares are built with modern materials so that the cities could look unorthodox，causing the historical circumstance to disappear．Therefore，such kind of green landscapes need rebuilding．If the landscapes have the use value，such as small squares，greens，etc.their functions could be still ensured，but their structure materials and style should be adjusted．The style of the design in details should agree with that of the historical blocks; both the original materials and the modern materials，which can show the historical style and feature of the blocks，can be encouraged to be applied in the reconstruction．During the reconstruction of the historical blocks，since many modern buildings will be demolished or rebuilt，the attached green should be also replanted．

( 3) The newly-built landscapes in the historical blocks．The inherited garden landscapes cannot meet the requirements of the business and residence purposes，while the newly-built garden landscapes need rebuilding so that they can meet the demands of business，tour，resting，and living for the people．In addition，the historical blocks usually stand among the modern building

clusters，therefore buffer zones between the modern buildings and historical blocks should be built so that the conflict between them can be overcome．The buffer zones usually are the green zones which not only make the style of the new blocks with that of the historical ones，but also can be used as the background of the historical blocks，showing their artful value．Next，the buffer zones can act protection function for the historical blocks as an isolation zone off the negative influence of the modern city．Furthermore，the buffer zones can refresh the air and city water systems，showing ecological value．Such green zones are the important parts of the garden landscapes of historical blocks．The requirement of historical environments should be taken into account when the buffer green zones are built，making them agreed with the historical style and feature．

( 4) The maintaining and reconstruction of the substantial landscapes．The substantial landscapes in the historical blocks include the garden buildings and decorators．The repair and rebuilding of the garden buildings should take the original construction as reference.The garden decorators include those for ornament and those for service.The former can enhance the historical feeling，making the blocks more attractive.Such objects should show the local characteristics and inherit the historical culture.For example，the sculpture figure，wall ornaments incarnates the subjects of historical stories and historical heroes.The service facilities include lighting device，toilets，dusting bins，and stools.The first meet the requirement of utility，and through fine designing of their outer appearance，they are also kept agreement with the style of the historical blocks，aiming at effective function and ornamental in landscapes．For those that are difficult to reconstruct，they should be shielded by other facilities．

3 Conclusions

Recently，less attention are paid to the overall protection of the landscapes in the historical blocks in China.As we all know，the inheritance of the historical blocks has its own advantages and the historical blocks usually have certain

historical relics.Some of them witnessed the protection with these historical relics.The historical blocks usually have their overall style and feature.The developing course of a city can display through the inheriting such style and feature，the information of the city can pass down，making the historical and cultural characteristics last and live as long as possible.So their cultural value will be prized in the later construction of a city.The historical blocks should become the city marker instead of those high，fantastic buildings．

历史街区的景观改造研究

每个城市都有它自己的特殊的回忆，这是体现在历史街区的景观。华盛顿宪章已经提出了历史街区的最好的定义：他们是一个城市或城镇具有重大历史价值的街区，无论是大或小，在市区或郊区。历史街区是历史文化的物质形态，不仅珍贵的遗产，而且还与过去在精神城市的未来连接以及在链接的节点。当我们设计一个现代化的城市，我们不仅需要进行科学规划其功能，也应重视其本土及传统特色，使其无法现代城市景观中被忽视。因此，做出对历史街区的保护与开发研究特别重要。

1、中国历史街区的现状

自从21世纪以来，中国已经进入一个快速发展的时期，大规模重建导致许多后遗症。老城区块与建筑群通常是房地产开发商青睐的高商业价值的重要领域。经授权的政策，不少地方政府在大规模实施“旧座重建项目”，并允许开发权的房地产开发商。拆迁和重建必然导致传统风格的消失，传统文化不能被继承，因为老城市街区通常反映了传统城市生活风格与传统文化。由于新技术和新材料，物质文明使人们享受到现代社会的便利性，但舒适和休闲也使他们从精神文化的衰落。如今，其中民居和历史街区承担老城区的记忆逐渐被遗忘，传统文化和生活方式难以存在于现代建筑。

2、重建历史街区的方法

历史街区的景观是历史价值的最重要载体。历史文化，居住文化，庭院文化，建筑文化的价值主要体现在这样庞大顽固派。一些历史街区赋予人的空间和场地的感觉，街巷的布局，院落的分布，风格建筑，其设计应表现出的历史感。历史街区包括古建筑（包括公共古建筑和私人住宅的房屋），公共基础设施，园林，服务等和建筑物等木制的易腐烂，古建筑在中国进行的不同之处是由石头或砖块建成，使中国古老的架构需要比较频繁的维修。历史街区通常位于人口密集的地方，大量的建筑集群，它们是“黄金地带”的房地产开发商中部地区。

针对最大的利润，开发商在他们重建通常不关心他们的历史文化和价值。此外，因为资金短缺，历史街区不正确保护和修复。所以这是重建和保护历史街区的重要任务是景观。

2-1维修旧楼的主体建筑在历史文化街区，通常是由旧架构的是，除了一些最古老的中国式建筑。他们建有木材，砖块，石块和泥土，雄踞于木。要在历史文化街区古建筑的重建采取以下步骤：

2-1-1为了使古建筑的数据进行了调查，并确定其历史价值。有许多文物古迹和历史建筑具有很高的历史价值。彻底调查的古建筑块必须重建他们的实施前进行，使某些有无文物古迹和历史建筑存在，如果这样的文物或建筑块存在，其涉及的领域应标明;他们必须按照文物保护的法律保护和修复。当对历史文物的调查工作已经完成，就等老建筑，包括他们的建设年，风格，设计，甚至他们的伤害调查，应当与数据记录，根据这些濒危的建筑和老建筑都分别确定。前者应被重构，而后者被修复。

近年来，通过改造老濒危块的大潮影响，许多老建筑，可仍然使用的拆除重建。据教授吴良镛成立了“有机更新理论”，有必要杰出的濒危建筑和老建筑是什么和濒危应保存或重建，需要旧的修复。濒危建筑是指为那些轴承部件有危险，没有承受能力，建设可能会掉下来在任何时候，所以他们是出于利用的安全;而老建筑是指为那些轴承组件已不获续期长的时间，但他们的承受能力仍处于良好状态。这是第一步，以区分哪些危害，什么是旧的历史街区的重建和修复之前。

2-1-2根据自己的状态以不同的方式修复或重建不同的老建筑。

（1）文化建筑。文化建筑的修复必须根据文物保护的法律予以实施，观察“优先保护，首先节能，合理利用，严格管理”的原则，对结构部件不应该为可能发生变化，而新实施那些应标明其使用的日期，修旧如它的原始持有。

（2）旧楼。在修理和维护，以及内部重建可以为那些老的建筑物大多年久失修长时间进行。修复不应该让自己的风格和形状与结构改变，达到修旧如旧的原件。很多旧的传统民居一直在用居住的公寓，虽然他们的布局不符合现代生活的要求的目的。因此，业主的新要求，应考虑和内部结构可以进行调整和重建。由于体积比，供水和排水系统，隐私都不能满足现代生活的需要，内部改造主要集中在补益功能的设备。重建的目标是在满足业主的需求，提高他们的生活质量，但不改变建筑的风格和特点。

（3）濒危建筑使用这样的建筑，既为生活及其他目的，应尽量避免。如果他们有景观价值，他们应该通过技术措施和更换部件的保护。否则，他们应该根据自己的风格和特点重建，这也应该是与他们的邻居的协议。

（4）那些被新建的，他们应该是符合那些在附近无论是在风格和功能。这样的建筑都聚集分为两种，新近改建和新开发的。前者应维持原有的风格和特点。而后者可以适当地提高，除了与他们的邻居的协议是他们的体积比和布局。

（5）负面影响景观。很多历史建筑的建筑由现代建筑的主要是高，重檐建筑，建筑高度超出景观带协议是负面影响，影响天空线和背景环境。这是必要的，使它们的景观造成负面影响建筑物的立面改造。例如，诸葛亮庙的周围建筑都在重建住宅楼在四川西部的风格。有人建议，在历史街区的高，多层建筑，除了那些对他们的存在.这些重建和历史街区修复特殊原因应保持在自己的风格和特点协议，该协议的原因是使被拆除人有历史和地方的感觉，因为历史环境中，例如建筑群的组成。生活用具应加以补充，以旧楼的历史街区，以满足业主的生活需求。一般来说，老建筑的修复和重建，应加强观察的原则，其功能和剩余的自己的风格。

2-2基础设施虽然形成了以下两种方式的历史街区的改造：①成立于整体规划和逐步完善。这样的历史街区是根据其总体规划可能进行由古地方政府兴建。在古代，其施工前块的规划可能会进行，如果当时的经济繁荣。在北方许多城市的块是这样的例子。他们中的一些中心关于私人园林住宅。这样的块的策划者是本地经济的专业。在古时候，一个块的规划进行了按中国堪舆（风水）。历史街区的布局和基础设施已不能满足现代人的需求，虽然他们在规划充分考虑。②自发形成。一些历史街区，围绕有关庙宇，寺院，甚至是自发形成的住宅群。通常形成与自然地理协议这类博克斯的，密密麻麻的聚集居住建筑，立聚布局当中很少有人考虑到公众，这些都是关于公共基础设施的两个问题历史街区。首先，他们无法满足现代生活的需要；第二，他们通常出维修和维护，使他们因为严重危害，此外出来使用，有关于供水和排水系统中的历史街区的问题，在该区块的居民面临供水困难以及引流，安全问题也困扰着在历史街区的居民。许多附着的建筑物原来的住宅楼这是密集成簇，并在想灭火系统造成的块将处于危险之中。下面的原则应该坚持对历史街区的基础设施重建：（1）为了避免重整形和变化越少，历史街区的建筑需要保护，这样可避免重整形时，基础设施是创新。建筑物的结构特点，应考虑到安装在管道系统时，改变了历史建筑的原有结构，尽可能少。

（2）为了保持原有的风格和特点。历史街区的人行道有观光的价值，如果他们重建了沉重的损失引起的。供水和排水系统的建设将得到严重破坏了道路。如果他们必须重建，应在重建过程中被保留的原始资料。新选择的材料将与原来的协调，例如，井盖设计成假古董

在许多历史街区，创造历史的感觉。

2-3重塑绿色景观有精心设计的绿色景观在许多历史街区。他们建立了下列历史原因的基础上：①历史街区是在一定的区域发达的商业中心。在这样的街区，许多富人建造自己的住宅，在这花园是他们的重要组成部分。这些精心设计，精细管理的花园有很高的观光价值。他们被很好的保存，保护，甚至扩大，虽然它们的主人在不同的历史阶段是不同的。②绿色景观在历史街区通常精心保护，不被破坏，因为很多人都相信风水上，使许多古老的树木成活。不同于历史建筑需要经常维修和重建，绿化树木可以生存，没有提供他们的情况并没有严重破坏，使许多古老的树木在这样历史街区存活，现代城市建设任何照顾的增长，许多房地产开发商忽略在历史文化街区绿化景观的价值，拆毁许多历史悠久的花园建造房屋和办公楼，导致的结果是，许多古树消失。在历史文化街区园林景观的改造应遵循以下原则。

（1）以保护第一，尽量保持原有的风格和特点。例如园艺景观通常占主导地位的古木，他们有很长的历史具有一定的古代遗物。对于历史悠久的花园与文物的价值，他们的救济的权利，应根据文物保护的法律进行。至于继承的共同的绿色景观救济的权利，一些休息设施可以建在该区域，而原有的风格和材料特点应该是依旧存在，并在古典园林建筑的技术应该纠正的园林景观中被应用。保护过程中，应纠正把花园中的历史街区，其余原有的风格和特点与变化尽可能少，古木应小心保护。

（2）在新建成的绿地。这些改造通常都是在历史街区新建成的绿化景观。其中有些是不同意的块的风景。正方形是建立与现代的材料，这样的城市可以看看非正统，造成历史的情况下消失。因此，这种类型的绿色景观的需要重建。如果山水有使用价值，如小广场，绿地等。它们的功能可以确保仍然，但它们的结构材料和风格应该是在细节的设计风格可调大小，应该认同这一点的历史街区;无论是原材料和现代材料，它可以显示出历史风貌的街区和功能，可以鼓励在要应用的改革，在历史街区的改造中，因为许多现代建筑将被拆除或重建时，绿色连接也应补植。

（3）在历史街区，这些新建的景观继承园林里不能满足业务和居住用途的要求，而新建成的园林景观需要重建，使他们能够满足商务，旅游的需求，休息，和生活的人。此外，历史街区分别代表了现代建筑群之中，因此缓冲了现代建筑和历史街区之间的区域应该建立这样的它们之间的冲突，可以克服的。该缓冲区通常是绿色地带，不仅使之与历史那些新的块的风格，但也可以是作为历史街区的背景下，显示其巧妙的价值。接着，缓冲器区可以充当保护功能的历史块作为一个隔离区关闭的负面影响现代城市。此外，缓冲区可以刷新的空气和自来水系统，呈现出生态绿区是历史街区

园林景观的重要组成部分。历史环境的要求，应考虑到当缓冲区绿化区的构建，使他们与历史风格和功能一致。

（4）维护和重建的实质性景观。在历史文化街区的大幅山水，包括园林建筑和装饰。维修和重建花园的建筑物应采取原来的建筑作为参考。花园装饰，包括那些装饰和那些服务。前者可以增强历史感，使得块更有吸引力。这样的对象应该显示的地方特色和继承历史文化。例如，雕塑身材，墙壁装饰体现的历史故事和历史英雄的主题。服务设施包括照明设备，厕所，除尘箱和凳子。首先满足实用的要求，并通过他们的外观精致设计，他们还不停地与历史街区的风格一致，瞄准在景观有效的功能性和观赏性。对于那些难以重建，他们应该被其他设备进行屏蔽。

3、结论

最近，较少注意历史街区的景观的整体保护。正如我们都知道，历史街区的传承有其自身的优势和历史街区通常有一定的历史文物。他们中有些人亲眼目睹这些历史文物的保护。历史街区通常有自己的整体风格和功能。一个城市的发展历程可以通过继承这种风格和功能显示，该城市的信息可以传递下来，使得历史文化特色上次和生活尽可能长的时间。所以他们的文化价值将珍贵的在一个城市的后期建设。历史块应该成为城市的标记，而不是那些高，梦幻般的建筑。

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外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文

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建筑景观语言(英文翻译)

Cover封面 Content目录 Design Explanation设计说明 Master Plan总平面 Space Sequence Analysis景观空间分析 Function Analysis功能分析 Landscape Theme Analysis景观景点主题分析图 Traffic Analysis交通分析 Vertical Plan竖向平面布置图 Lighting Furniture Layout灯光平面布置示意图 Marker/Background Music/Garbage Bin标识牌/背景音乐/垃圾桶布置图Plan平面图 Hand Drawing手绘效果图 Section剖面图 Detail详图 Central Axis中心公共主轴 Reference Picture参考图片 Planting Reference Picture植物选样 材料类： aluminum铝 asphalt沥青 alpine rock轻质岗石 boasted ashlars粗凿 ceramic陶瓷、陶瓷制品 cobble小圆石、小鹅卵石 clay粘土 crushed gravel碎砾石 crushed stone concrete碎石混凝土 crushed stone碎石 cement石灰 enamel陶瓷、瓷釉 frosted glass磨砂玻璃 grit stone/sand stone砂岩 glazed colored glass/colored glazed glass彩釉玻璃 granite花岗石、花岗岩 gravel卵石 galleting碎石片 ground pavement material墙面地砖材料 light-gauge steel section/hollow steel section薄壁型钢 light slates轻质板岩 lime earth灰土 masonry砝石结构

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韶关学院 期末考核报告 科目：专业英语 学生姓名： 学号： 同组人： 院系： 专业班级： 考核时间：2012年10月9日—2012年11月1 日评阅教师： 评分：

第1章英文阅读材料翻译 (1) 第2章中文摘要翻译英文 (3) 第3章中文简历和英文简历 (4) 第4章课程学习体会和建议 (6) 参考文献 (7)

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环境艺术设计外文翻译—城市景观设计中的生态规划

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英语翻译学习资料(含中英文解释)

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