火灾自动报警外文翻译及外文原文(1)

淮阴工学院

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译

学院：电子与电气工程学院

专业：电气工程及其自动化

姓名：谭森发

学号：1081206122

外文出处：IEEE/IET

(用外文写)

附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文

基于单片机的火灾自动报警系统

摘要：本文介绍了基于单片机的自动仓库火灾自动报警系统。该系统主要由ATmega16的，温度传感器，烟雾传感器，EX-1自动拨通报警模块。在系统，温度信号转换为串行数据，烟雾信号转化为电压信号。由MCU的所有数据进行处理。监控系统检查时，在仓库防火，报警信号被打开，同时消息通过EX-1传送到管理者。该系统的应用是由仓库经理有效地处理火灾。

关键词：火灾报警传感器，烟雾传感器系统; ATmega16的温度传感器，烟雾传感器

1 序言

火灾自动报警控制系统经历了一个过程，从简单到复杂和情报系统在中国越来越多。其特点是自动火灾探测报警技术，随着计算机和检测技术的发展有很大的进步。目前，火灾自动报警控制系统采用大容量的抽水蓄能电站，商场，高层办公楼，酒店和其他地方。他们被用在一些更高层次的总线型报警控制系统，智能报警控制方法的一个区域集中的集合，在一些居民区和商业楼宇安装了由单一的火灾自动报警检测装置。这些检测报警装置，有时失败报告，或误传。它的可靠性不高，因为使用单一传感器。因此，需要开发具有结构简单，成本低，可靠性高，响应快的火灾自动检测系统。

2 该系统的一般项目

硬件框图如图1所示，由温度传感器，烟雾传感器，信号处理模块，MCU模块和自动报警模块的硬件。非电气量，是通过传感元件传感器（烟雾传感器和

成电信号，信号处理以及信号转换成模拟量，数字量，温度传感器）将现场温度，烟雾等非电信号。最后，对采样数据进行处理，并与单片机系统的限制。该系统可以产生本地和远程自动报警信号。

温度传感器烟雾传感器

信号处理

PD0 PD1

SCM

自动报警

模块

电话机

图1。火灾自动报警系统结构

3 硬件组件

A. Atmega16

美国爱特梅尔的微控制器ATmega16单片机所使用的系统。ATmega16的基于A VR RISC结构的低功耗8位CMOS微控制器提高。由于其先进的指令集以及单时钟周期指令执行时间，A Tmega16的数据吞吐量高达1 MIPS / MHz的。从而减轻系统在功耗和处理速度之间的矛盾。ATmega16的有以下特点：16K字节的系统内可编程Flash（读取和写在同一时间，也就是有能力，RWW区），512字节EEPROM，1K字节SRAM，32个通用I / O口线，32个通用工作寄存器，JTAG边界扫描接口，支持片上调试

编程，3定时器/计数器（T / C），片内/外中断，可编程串行USART有更灵活的方式，有初始条件探测器通用串行接口，8通道10位具有可选差分输入级可编程增益

（TQFP封装）的ADC，片上振荡器的可编程看门狗定时器，一个SPI串行端口，以及六个可以通过软件节电模式选择。

该芯片是以Atmel高密度非易失性内存技术生产的片上ISP Flash允许程序存储器通过ISP串行接口或编程的通用编程，你也可以运行在A VR内核之间的自举程序。引导程序可以使用任何接口下载申请快闪记忆体领域（应用快闪记忆体）。应用程序更新Flash存储区时引导Flash区（引导闪存）程序继续运行，RWW区操作实现。A Tmega16的成为一个强大的8位RISC CPU的微控制器和系统单芯片可编程闪存，为许多嵌入式控制应用，提供了一个灵活和具有成本效益的解决方案。ATmega16的一个编程和系统开发工具集，包括：C语言编译器，宏汇编，程序调试器/软件仿真器，仿真器和评估板。

B. 温度传感器

Dallas半导体公司的DS18B20-型单智能温度传感器的温度传感器制造，其性能特点包括：

1）该传感器具有单总线专用技术，通过串口电缆，还可以通过其它I / O 口线和电脑接口，无需通过其他转换电路直接输出被测温度值（9位二进制数，用符号位）。

2）温度范围为-55℃?+125℃，测量分辨率为0。 0625℃。

3）包含64修订通过激光只读存储器ROM。

4）适合各种单片机或系统机。

5）用户可以设置每个温度的上限和下限分道扬镳。

6）包括寄生电源。

DS18B20与主芯片连接图如图2所示：DS18B20的数字一个引脚接地，然后在第三针和第二针，然后5。 1K的上拉电阻，在同一时间，收到了单一的PD0引脚输出信号。拉是拉电阻器的电流限制在同一时间通过嵌入在高的地方，阻力不确定性的信号。计划，以确保从DQ引脚处于高阻抗状态开始，让你可以上拉电阻拉来的高DQ的。在同时主芯片也可以是外部的现场报警蜂鸣器。

图2。DS18B20与主芯片连接图。

C.烟雾监控模块

烟雾传感器选择HIS-07离子烟雾探测器，通过内外电离室电离电子流的流动不平衡时，集电极收费，直到目前的电离平衡。在无烟或无燃烧，收集受到碰撞电离电流的统计波动，保持平衡的潜力。电离电流影响烟雾进入电离室，容易进入电离室烟雾外，比内的影响，重新充电，直到新的平衡电位和集电极电流下降电离电离室时，这种潜在的变化可以用触发报警电路。技术参数如表1。

表I.HIS-07离子烟雾传感器THCHNICAL数据

Table Head Table Column head

集电极电位

减少透光率的4%/英尺 2.2v

减少透光率的1%/英尺0.6v

电容 6PF

平衡电位收集器 5.5±0.3V

烟雾信号处理芯片的选择，是摩托罗拉公司的MC14468，DIP16管脚封装的MC14468，包含振荡器，定时器，闩锁，当没有检测到烟雾报警控制逻辑电路，高输入阻抗比较等，MC14468内部振荡器，振荡周期1.67s。每个1.67s循环内部电源提供整个芯片的工作。这一切都保持除了指示灯闪烁，电池电压报警器，烟雾报警器检测到任何烟雾。振荡器的振荡周期变为40ms的MC14448一旦检测烟雾，此时压电蜂鸣器驱动电路开始振荡时，开始能够输出保持高160毫秒后停止在戒烟的变化检测80ms.Continued在这个时候，如果没有检测到烟雾蜂鸣器会不会发出警告声。

在图3中，MC144681针联合PD1引脚单片机作为弱侧蔓延检获15 MC14468内部的逻辑处理电路处理，现场烟雾探测和变化，产生电压变化的离子电流的离子室时，烟雾检测引脚输出高微控制器处理。 13针，然后滑动变阻器时LED闪烁，蜂鸣器响起了刺耳的声音音频报警时，该部门有火灾报警信号，以方便检测的灵敏度。在图3中，MC144681针联合PD1引脚单片机作为弱侧蔓延检获15 MC14468内部的逻辑处理电路处理，现场烟雾探测和变化，产生电压变化的离子电流的离子室时，烟雾检测引脚输出高微控制器处理。 13针，然后滑动变阻器设置，以方便检测的灵敏度，当LED闪烁和蜂鸣器刺耳的声音响起了一个声音报警，当部门有火灾报警信号。

图3。烟雾检测电路

D.自动拨号报警模块

拨号报警模块的选择是EX-1拨号模块是一个DTMF信号的接收，存储和发送作为一体化通信电路。单片机和拨号管理过程中建立的模块可以为用户提供的各种信号输入和输出端口，防盗报警，信号采集，自动控制，远程通信和信息传输领域，如灵活的应用，。 5组，可以有7个本地电话号码的手机或组存储，掉电不丢失;电话线路状态检测，自动故障信号输出;电话/外部切换两种拨号状态控制;触发时间，9次循环拨号预设号码;独立工作，独立的拨号上网，不依靠电话和其他外部设备。

EX-1接线图，在图4所示，将PD4引脚连接主芯片氚，模块开始拨号报警台PD4输出高电平信号，PD5连接ON/ OFF端子输入是高电平信号打开拨号设置，输入不工作时，此引脚变低，错误连接引脚PD6单片机引脚PD6输出1开始测试是否完成电话线路故障，READY引脚连接单片机的PD7引脚检测和报警，报警结束当PD7引脚是高的。

图4 EX-1接线图

4.主程序流程图

开始

初始化

N

有烟雾信号？

Y

R0=1

收集温度

信号

N

达到报警值？

Y

R1=1

READY=1?

拨号报警

图5。主程序流程图

因为在火灾和阴燃阶段的早期阶段会产生大量的气溶胶粒子和烟雾粒子。阶段初期火灾的物质在燃烧过程中产生大量的热量，所以应使用烟雾传感器和温度传感

器结合，先用烟雾传感器检测是否有烟生成，然后温度传感器检测到的温度，温度传感器报警值设置为50度。当检测到烟雾R0为1，不吸烟，R0为0。然后进行测试时的温度，当温度达到季节性预警R1的值是1，季节温度值达到预警R1为0，在这个时候相比，R0和R1等于主芯片拨号报警，如果不等于不报警重新测试。这烟雾传感器和温度传感器配合使用，大大提高了检测的可靠性，防止漏报，误报，程序流程图如图5所示。

5. 总结

自动报警系统的使用温度和烟雾传感器，通过检测现场的温度和烟，合作，可以找到任何在仓库失火，仓库管理人员通过短消息的形式发送消息，在早期。所以它的应用可以大大减少火灾损失，提高了仓库的安全可靠性比以前单一的火灾报警设备，并防止失败的报告和误导。该系统具有可靠性高，价格低，灵敏度高。

参考文献

[1] 苗顺兵，熊光明，李永平等等火灾自动报警系统的设计与研究，机械制造技术，2006（2），p909。

[2] 良玉葛，办公大楼火灾的智能分析。

[3] 周倜。建筑消防系统的设计，云南建设，2008（6）。

[4] 霍尼韦尔,建筑设备监控系统，智能建筑与城市信息，2008（4）

[5] 德里克·克莱门茨 - Croome，智能建筑设计，管理和操作，托马斯Telford 出版社，2004。

[6] 张华中，火灾自动报警及消防指挥系统基于因特网的联动控制，计算机工程，2001年。

[7] ANSI，辐射能传感的火灾探测器，火灾自动报警信号，美国ANSI/ FMRC FM3260-2004年。

附件2：外文原文（复印件）

Automatic fire alarm system based on MCU Abstract:The paper introduced an automatic warehouse fire a1arm system based on

MCU. The system was mainly made up of ATmega16, temperature sensors, smoke sensors, and EX-1 auto dialed alarm module. In the system, temperature signals were transformed to serial data, and smoke signals were transformed to voltage signals. All the data were processed by MCU. When the surveillance system checked fire in warehouse, alarm signal was turn on, meanwhile the messages were transmitted to managers through EX-1. Application of the system was convenient to deal with fire in-time, efficiently by warehouse manager.

Keywords: fire alarm transducer;smoke sensor system;ATmega16;temperature transducer;smoke sensor

I. INTRODUCTION

Automatic fire alarm control system has experienced a process from the simple to the complex and intelligence system increasingly in China. The characteristic is automatic fire detection and alarm technology has a great progress along with computing and detection technology development. At present, automatic fire alarm control system was used in bulk storage plant, shopping malls, high-level office buildings, hotels and other places. They were used in a number of collections focused on one area of intelligent alarm control method with higher levels of bus-type alarm control system, and in some residential areas and commercial buildings were installed by a single automatic fire alarm detection device. These alarm detection devices fail to report sometimes, or misinformation. Its reliability is not high because of using single sensor. Therefore, it is needed to develop a simple structure, low cost, high reliability, fast responding,

automatic fire detection system.

II. GENERAL PROJECT OF THE SYSTEM

The hardware block diagram shown in Figure 1, hardware by temperature sensors,

smoke sensors, signal processing module, MCU modules and automatic alarm module.

Non electrical quantity that is through the sensing element sensors (smoke sensors and

temperature sensors) will be on-site temperature, smoke and other non-electrical signal

into an electrical signal, as well as signals for signal processing to convert analog

quantity to digital quantity. Finally, the sampled data were processed and compared with the limits by MCU system. This system can produce local and remote auto-alarm signals.

Temperature Ionization

Transducer smoke detector

signal

processing

PD0 PD1

SCM

auto alarm

module

T ephoneel

Inter f ace

…

Figure 1. Automatic fire alarm system structure

Ⅲ. THE HARDW ARE COMPONENTS

A. Atmega16

The system used by the U.S. Atmel’s microcont roller ATmega16 microcontroller. ATmega16 is based on the AVR RISC architecture to enhance low-power 8-bit CMOS microcontroller. Because of its advanced instruction set and a single clock cycle instruction execution time, ATmega16 data throughput of up to 1 MIPS / MHz. Thereby mitigate the system in the power and the contradiction between the processing rate. ATmega16 has the following characteristics: 16K bytes in-system programmable Flash (with the ability to read and write at the same time, that is, RWW), 512 bytes EEPROM, 1K bytes SRAM, 32 general-purpose I / O port lines, 32 general-purpose working registers, for the JTAG boundary scan interface, support the on-chip debugging and programming, 3 has a more flexible mode of timer / counter (T / C), chip internal / external interrupts, programmable serial USART, there are initial conditions detector universal serial interface, 8-channel 10-bit with optional differential input stage programmable gain (TQFP package) of the ADC, with on-chip oscillator of

programmable watchdog timer, an SPI serial port, as well as six can be selected by software power-saving mode.

The chip is based on Atmel high-density nonvolatile memory technology production on-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory through the ISP serial interface or a general-purpose programmer for programming; you can also run on the AVR core among the bootstrap to program. Boot program can use any interface to download the application to the Flash memory area (Application Flash Memory). Application of Flash storage area is updated when the boot Flash area (Boot Flash Memory) program continues to run, RWW operation achieved. ATmega16 to become a powerful microcontroller by 8-bit RISC CPU and the system programmable flash in a single chip, for many embedded control applications provides a flexible and cost-effective solution. ATmega16 has a set of programming and system development tools, including: C language compiler, macro assembler, program debugger / software emulator, emulators and evaluation boards.

B. Temperature Sensor

Temperature sensor manufactured by DALLAS Semiconductor DS18B20-type single intelligence temperature sensor, its performance features include:

1)This sensor have single-bus-specific technology, either through the serial port cable also through other I / O port lines and computer interfaces,without going through other conversion circuits Direct output measured temperature value (9-bit binary number, with sign bit).

2) Temperature range is -55 ℃ ~ +125 ℃, measurement resolution of 0. 0625 ℃.

3) Containing 64 as amended through the laser-read-only memory ROM.

4) Fit a variety of SCM or system machine.

5) Users can set separate ways each temperature upper and lower limit.

6) Includes parasitic power.

DS18B20 and the main chip connection diagram shown in Figure 2: DS18B20 number one pin grounded, then on the 3rd pin high and the 2nd pin then a 5. 1K of the pull-up resistor, at the same time received a single output signal of the PD0 pin. Pull-up is to pull the uncertainty signal through a resistor embedded in the high places, resistance at the same time current－limited . Program from the DQ pin in high impedance state to ensure that the beginning, so that you can pull on the pull-up resistor to the high DQ. At the same time the main chip also can be an external site alarm buzzer.

Figure 2. ds18b20 and the main chip connection diagram.

C. Smoke Monitoring Module

Smoke sensors choose HIS-07 ion smoke detectors when the flow through the inside and outside the ionization chamber ionization electron flow is unbalanced, collector charges current until the ionization balance. In a smoke-free or non-combustion, the collector being subject to the impact ionization current statistical fluctuation, the potential to maintain a balance. Ionization current have impact when the smoke into the ionization chamber, easily into the ionization chamber smoke outside than inside the ionization chamber of the affected, ionization current decline in and collector to re-charge until the new equilibrium potential, this potential change can be used to trigger the alarm circuit. Technical parameters such as Table 1.

TABLE I.HIS-07 ION SMOKE SENSOR THCHNICAL DATA

Table Head Table Column head

Equilibrium potential collector 5.5±0.3V

Collector potential with the smoke

Reduced light rate of 1% / ft 0.6V

Reduced light rate of 4% / ft 2.2V

Capacitor 6PF

Smoke signals are processed on the chip of choice is the Motorola company’s MC14468, MC14468 for DIP 16-pin package, contain oscillator, timer, latch, alarm control logic circuit, high input impedance comparator etc. When not detected smoke, MC14468 internal oscillator that oscillation cycle 1.67s. Each 1.67s cycle the internal power supply is provided to the work of the entire chip. It’s all kept detect any smoke in addition to LED flashes, battery voltage alarm and smoke alarm. The oscillator oscillation period becomes 40ms when the MC14448 Once detection smoke, this time piezoelectric buzzer driving circuit to start oscillation, start to be able to output to maintain the high 160 ms after the cessation of 80ms.Continued during the detection of smoke cessation of changes, at this time if not detected smoke beeper will not be issued a warning sound.

In figure 3, the MC14468 1 pin joint PD1 pin of SCM when the ion chamber of the ion current as the scene of smoke detection and change, voltage change generation a weak side-spread seized 15, by the MC14468 internal logic processing circuit processing, the smoke is detected by 1 pin-out high microcontroller for processing. 13-pin then slide rheostat is set to facilitate detection sensitivity when the led flashes and the buzzer sounded a piercing sound of an audio alarm when the department has a fire alarm signal-based.

In figure 3, the MC14468 1 pin joint PD1 pin of SCM when the ion chamber of the ion current as the scene of smoke detection and change, voltage change generation a weak side-spread seized 15, by the MC14468 internal logic processing circuit processing, the smoke is detected by 1 pin-out high microcontroller for processing. 13-pin then slide rheostat is set to facilitate detection sensitivity when the led flashes and the buzzer sounded a piercing sound of an audio alarm when the department has a fire alarm signal-based.

Figure 3.Smoke detection circuit

D. Auto-dial alarm module

Dial-up alarm module choices are the EX-1 dial-up module is a DTMF signal receiving, storing, and sending as integration communications circuits. Module built-in microcontroller and dial-up management process can provide users with a variety of signal input and output ports, in security alarm, signal acquisition, automatic control, remote communication and information transmission areas such as flexible application. 5 groups can have cell phone or group of seven local telephone numbers are stored, power-down is not lost; Telephone line status detection, automatic fault signal output ;Telephone / external switching two kinds of dial-up state control; Trigger time, nine times loop dial preset numbers; To work independently, independent dial-up, do not rely on telephone and other external devices.

EX-1 wiring diagram shown in figure 4, The PD4 pin to connect the main chip HTO , the module began to dial alarm when PD4 output high level signal, PD5

connection ON / OFF pin input is high level signal to open the dial-up settings, the input does not work when this pin become low, ERR pin connected to PD6 pin of MCU, PD6 output 1 begun to test whether the telephone line failure, READY pin connect MCU PD7 pin detection and alarm is completed, the alarm is end when PD7 pin is high .

Figure 4. EX-1 wiring diagram

IV. SOFIW AREDESIGN

start

ATmega16

Initialize

N

whether there are

smoke signals?

Y

R0=1

collection

temperature

signal

whether the N

alarm value?

Y

R1=1

dial-up alarm

READY=1?

Y

Figure 5. The main program flow chart

Because in the early stages of fires and the smoldering phase will produce a large number of aerosol particles and smoke particles .In the stage of incipient fire substances

in the combustion process produces a lot of heat, so should make the smoke sensor and temperature sensor used in conjunction, first with the smoke sensor detects whether there is smoke generation, then the temperature sensor detects the temperature, temperature sensor alarm value is set to 50 degrees. When the smoke is detected R0 is 1, not smoke R0 is 0. Then test the temperature when the temperature reaches the value of seasonal early warning R1 is 1, the value of seasonal temperature not to reach an early warning R1 to 0, at this time compared to the R0 and R1 is equal to the main chip when the dial-up alarm, if not equal is not to alarm re-tested. This smoke sensor and temperature sensor used in conjunction with greatly improved the reliability of detection to prevent the omission of false positives, program flow diagram shown in Figure 5.

V. CONCLUSION

By the cooperation of using of temperature and smoke sensors, through detecting the temperature and smoke on-site, the automatic alarm system could find any fire in warehouse and send the message to managers of warehouse in the early time by the form of short messages. So its application could greatly reduce fire losses and enhanced the safe reliability of warehouse more than the former single equipment of fire alarm, and prevent failing of reporting and misinformation. The system has a high reliability, low price and high sensitivity.

REFERENCES

[1] Shunning Miao,Guangming Xiong,Yongping Li etc.Automatic Fire Alarm System Design and Research, Equipment Manufacturing Technology, 2006(2), P909.

[2] Liang Ge, Qi Cong. Intelligent Analysis of office building fire.

[3] Ti Zhou. Building Fire System Design, Yunnan Construction,2008(6).

[4] Honeywell (Honeywel1)'s construction equipment Monitoring System, Intelligent Building and City Information, 2008(4).

[5] Derek Clements-Croome, Intelligent buildings: design, management and operation, Thomas Telford Publishing, 2004.

[6]Zhang Huazhong, Commanding System of Fire Automatic Alarm and Fire Control Linkage based on Internet, Computer Engineering, 2001.

[7] ANSI, Radiant Energy-Sensing Fire Detectors for Automatic Fire Alarm Signaling, US: ANSI/FMRC FM3260-2004.

餐饮管理系统外文翻译文献

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ASP外文翻译原文

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毕业设计外文翻译原文.

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外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华

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外文翻译-----学生信息管理系统的设计与发展

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污水处理外文翻译(带原文)

提高塔式复合人工湿地处理农村生活污水的 脱氮效率1 摘要： 努力保护水源，尤其是在乡镇地区的饮用水源，是中国污水处理当前面临的主要问题。氮元素在水体富营养化和对水生物的潜在毒害方面的重要作用，目前废水脱氮已成为首要关注的焦点。人工湿地作为一种小型的，处理费用较低的方法被用于处理乡镇生活污水。比起活性炭在脱氮方面显示出的广阔前景，人工湿地系统由于溶解氧的缺乏而在脱氮方面存在一定的制约。为了提高脱氮效率，一种新型三阶段塔式混合湿地结构----人工湿地（thcw）应运而生。它的第一部分和第三部分是水平流矩形湿地结构，第二部分分三层，呈圆形，呈紊流状态。塔式结构中水流由顶层进入第二层及底层，形成瀑布溢流，因此水中溶解氧浓度增加，从而提高了硝化反应效率，反硝化效率也由于有另外的有机物的加入而得到了改善，增加反硝化速率的另一个原因是直接通过旁路进入第二部分的废水中带入的足量有机物。常绿植物池柏（Taxodium ascendens），经济作物蔺草（Schoenoplectus trigueter），野茭白（Zizania aquatica），有装饰性的多花植物睡莲（Nymphaea tetragona），香蒲（Typha angustifolia）被种植在湿地中。该系统对总悬浮物、化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为89%、85%、83%、83% 和64%。高水力负荷和低水力负荷（16 cm/d 和32 cm/d）对于塔式复合人工湿地结构的性能没有显著的影响。通过硝化活性和硝化速率的测定，发现硝化和反硝化是湿地脱氮的主要机理。塔式复合人工湿地结构同样具有观赏的价值。 关键词： 人工湿地；硝化作用；反硝化作用；生活污水；脱氮；硝化细菌；反硝化细菌 １. 前言 对于提高水源水质的广泛需求，尤其是提高饮用水水源水质的需求是目前废水深度处理的技术发展指向。在中国的乡镇地区，生活污水是直接排入湖泊、河流、土壤、海洋等水源中。这些缺乏处理的污水排放对于很多水库、湖泊不能达到水质标准是有责任的。许多位于中国的乡镇地区的社区缺乏足够的生活污水处理设备。由于山区地形、人口分散、经济基础差等原因，废水的收集和处理是很成问题的。由于资源短缺，经济欠发达地区所采取的废水处理技术必须低价高效，并且要便于施用，能量输入及维护费用较低，而且要保证出水能达标。建造在城市中基于活性污泥床的废水集中处理厂，对于小乡镇缺乏经济适用性，主要是由于污水收集结构的建造费用高。 1Ecological Engineering，Fen xia ，Ying Li。

工程造价外文翻译(有出处)

预测高速公路建设项目最终的预算和时间 摘要 目的——本文的目的是开发模型来预测公路建设项目施工阶段最后的预算和持续的时间。 设计——测算收集告诉公路建设项目，在发展预测模型之前找出影响项目最终的预算和时间，研究内容是基于人工神经网络(ANN)的原理。与预测结果提出的方法进行比较,其精度从当前方法基于挣值。 结果——根据影响因素最后提出了预算和时间，基于人工神经网络的应用原理方法获得的预测结果比当前基于挣值法得到的结果更准确和稳定。 研究局限性/意义——因素影响最终的预算和时间可能不同,如果应用于其他国家,由于该项目数据收集的都是泰国的预测模型,因此,必须重新考虑更好的结果。 实际意义——这项研究为用于高速公路建设项目经理来预测项目最终的预算和时间提供了一个有用的工具，可为结果提供早期预算和进度延误的警告。 创意/价值——用ANN模型来预测最后的预算和时间的高速公路建设项目,开发利用项目数据反映出持续的和季节性周期数据, 在施工阶段可以提供更好的预测结果。 关键词：神经网、建筑业、预测、道路、泰国 文章类型：案例研究 前言 一个建设工程项普遍的目的是为了在时间和在预算内满足既定的质量要求和其他规格。为了实现这个目标,大量的工作在施工过程的管理必须提供且不能没有计划地做成本控制系统。一个控制系统定期收集实际成本和进度数据,然后对比与计划的时间表来衡量工作进展是否提前或落后时间表和强调潜在的问题(泰克兹,1993)。成本和时间是两个关键参数，在建设项目管理和相关参数的研究中扮演着重要的角色，不断提供适当的方法和

工具，使施工经理有效处理一个项目，以实现其在前期建设和在施工阶段的目标。在施工阶段,一个常见的问题要求各方参与一个项目，尤其是一个所有者,最终项目的预算到底是多少?或什么时候该项目能被完成？ 在跟踪和控制一个建设项目时，预测项目的性能是非常必要的。目前已经提出了几种方法,如基于挣值技术、模糊逻辑、社会判断理论和神经网络。将挣值法视为一个确定的方法，其一般假设，无论是性能效率可达至报告日期保持不变，或整个项目其余部分将计划超出申报日期（克里斯坦森，1992；弗莱明和坎普曼，2000 ；阿萨班尼，1999；维卡尔等人，2000）。然而，挣值法的基本概念在研究确定潜在的进度延误、成本和进度的差异成本超支的地区。吉布利（1985）利用平均每个成本帐户执行工作的实际成本，也称作单位收入的成本，其标准差来预测项目完工成本。各成本帐户每月的进度是一个平均平稳过程标准偏差，显示预测模型的可靠性，然而，接受的单位成本收益在每个报告期在变化。埃尔丁和休斯（1992）和阿萨班尼（1999）利用分解组成成本的结构来提高预测精度。迪克曼和Al-Tabtabai（1992）基于社会判断理论提出了一个方法，该方法在预测未来的基础上的一组线索，源于人的判断而不是从纯粹的数学算法。有经验的项目经理要求基于社会判断理论方法的使用得到满意的结果。Moselhi等人（2006）应用“模糊逻辑”来预测潜在的成本超支和对建设工程项目的进度延迟。该方法的结果在评估特定时间状态的项目和评价该项目的利润效率有作用。这有助于工程人员所完成的项目时间限制和监控项目预算。Kaastra和博伊德（1996）开发的“人工神经网络”,此网络作为一种有效的预测工具，可以利用过去“模式识别”工作和显示各种影响因素的关系，然后预测未来的发展趋势。罗威等人（2006）开发的成本回归模型能在项目的早期阶段估计建筑成本。总共有41个潜在的独立变量被确定，但只有四个变量：总建筑面积，持续时间，机械设备，和打桩，是线性成本的关键驱动因素，因为它们出现在所有的模型中。模型提出了进一步的洞察了施工成本和预测变量的各种关系。从模型得到的估计结果可以提供早期阶段的造价咨询（威廉姆斯（2003））——最终竞标利用回归模型预测的建设项目成本。 人工神经网络已被广泛用在不同的施工功能中，如估价、计划和产能预测。神经网络建设是Moselhi等人（1991）指出，由Hegazy（1998）开发了一个模型，该模型考虑了项目的外在特征，估计加拿大的公路建设成本： ·项目类型 ·项目范围

外文文献之数据库信息管理系统简介

Introduction to database information management system The database is stored together a collection of the relevant data, the data is structured, non-harmful or unnecessary redundancy, and for a variety of application services, data storage independent of the use of its procedures; insert new data on the database , revised, and the original data can be retrieved by a common and can be controlled manner. When a system in the structure of a number of entirely separate from the database, the system includes a "database collection." Database management system (database management system) is a manipulation and large-scale database management software is being used to set up, use and maintenance of the database, or dbms. Its unified database management and control so as to ensure database security and integrity. Dbms users access data in the database, the database administrator through dbms database maintenance work. It provides a variety of functions, allows multiple applications and users use different methods at the same time or different time to build, modify, and asked whether the database. It allows users to easily manipulate data definition and maintenance of data security and integrity, as well as the multi-user concurrency control and the restoration of the database. Using the database can bring many benefits: such as reducing data redundancy, thus saving the data storage space; to achieve full sharing of data resources, and so on. In addition, the database technology also provides users with a very simple means to enable users to easily use the preparation of the database applications. Especially in recent years introduced micro-computer relational database management system dBASELL, intuitive operation, the use of flexible, convenient programming environment to extensive (generally 16 machine, such as IBM / PC / XT, China Great Wall 0520, and other species can run software), data-processing capacity strong. Database in our country are being more and more widely used, will be a powerful tool of economic management. The database is through the database management system (DBMS-DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM) software for data storage, management and use of dBASELL is a database management system software. Information management system is the use of data acquisition and transmission technology, computer network technology, database construction, multimedia