七月练习宫3(宫东风每日词汇测试7.21——7.31)

上期答案来啦~

(1) Sin City pauses in its round-clock frenzy of glitter and glitz this weekend to celebrate its 100th birthday with a look back at a surprisingly rich pioneer history.

(2) “Las Vegas was a speck’ in the desert in 1905,” Nevada state archi vist Guy Rocha said of a town in a bowl-shaped valley rimmed by jagged’ gray mountains and nourished by a natural spring. The name is Spanish for “the meadows.”

(3) “Now there’s not a place in the modern world that doesn’t recognize Las Vegas,” Rocha said.“That’s not hypes. It is what it is.”

（1）“罪恶之城”本周末暂时停止了不舍昼夜的纸醉金迷，以回眸它那令人惊叹的丰富的拓荒史来庆祝它的百岁生日。

（2）“1905年.拉斯维加斯还是沙漠中的一小块绿洲，”内华达州档案管理员盖伊·罗查在谈到这个城市时说。它位于一个碗状山谷之中，四周是高低起伏的灰色山峦，天然清泉为其滋养。这个名字是西班牙语，愈为“草地”。

（3）“如今世界上没有哪个地方不知道拉斯维加斯，”罗查说。“这并非炒作。事实本就如

此。”

(4) American Indians and travelers on the Old Spanish Trail watered at the springs, but the town got its start because the railroad from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles needed a place to house workers.

(5) Today, it’s a go-go 24-hour metropolis of casinos, nightclubs and restaurants that lures 37 million tourists a year. Marquee casinos with dancing fountains and canals sprouted where the springs dried up long ago.

(6) Down the Las Vegas Strip are scale models of the Eiffel Tower, the Statue of Liberty and an Egyptian pyramid. Up the Strip, the curvy Wynn Las Vegas resort opened last month at a cost of $2.7 billion.

（4）过去，美洲印第安人和西班牙商队在这儿的山泉取水。后来，因为盐湖城至洛杉矶的铁路需要给工人们提供一个栖身之所，这座城市才应运而生。

（5）今天，这个充斥着赌场、夜总会和餐馆的笙歌燕舞的不夜城每年吸引来3700万游客。各种大帐篷赌场及其周围的音乐喷泉和人工河道在泉水早已干涸的地方迅速出现。

（6）“拉斯维加斯大街”南面有埃菲尔铁塔、自由女神像和埃及金字塔的徽缩景观模型。北面是上个月开业、耗资27亿美元的曲线形温拉斯维加斯度假村。

(7) Not surprising for this city of excess, nothing humble about Sin City’s celebration there’s of the May 15, 1905, land auction that drew hardy buyers to dusty home sites in what is now downtown Las Vegas.

(8) A b irthday cake larger than a basketball court, fireworks, concerts, simultaneous “I Do’s” for 100 couples, and a resurrected “Helldorado Days” parade are scheduled in and around the town that didn’t have a paved road until 1924.

(9) It now has 1.7 million residents and choked freeways that funnel commuters to work from sprawling suburbs.

（7）对于这个无节制的城市而言，“罪恶之城”对1905年5月15日这一天的庆祝毫不寒酸，这并不令人惊讶。那一天开始的土地拍卖.把吃苦耐劳的买家们吸引到了这个尘土飞扬的家园，如今这里已经成为拉斯维加斯的中心城区。

（8）一个比篮球场还要大的生日蛋糕，焰火表演，音乐会以及100对新人齐声说“我愿意”，这些都纳人活动安排。同时，在这个直到1924年才有柏油路面的城区还举行了已停办数年的“Helldorado狂欢节”游行。

（9）拉斯维加斯现有170万居民，散居城郊各处的上班族从车流拥挤的高速公路赶往工作地点。

(10) “Las Vegas is the only place that knows how to put on a world-class birthday party,” boasts Mayor Oscar Goodman, a former mob lawyer now in his second term as the self-described world's happiest mayor. “We want the whole world to celebrate with us.” Drawing attention and people was a lesson learned a century ago from townsfolk artful with hyperbole and unblinking pragmatism.

(11) Skeptical of the 1900 U.S. Census, which put the area population at 30 people, Michael Green, a Community College o f Southern Nevada professor, checked residents’ signatures.

(12) “They look uncharacteristically alike,” said Green, co-author of “Las Vegas: A. Centennial History.” Many probably worked a ranch owned by Helen Stewart, who sold almost 3 square miles for home sites.

（10）“拉斯维加斯是惟一一个知道如何举办世界级生日派对的地方，”市长奥斯卡·古德曼夸夸耀道。这位自称是世界上最幸福的市长曾是犯罪集团的辩护律师，目前是他的第二个任期。“我们想让全世界和我们一同庆祝。”吸引眼球和人潮是一个世纪前从深黯出噱头和不动声色的实用主义之道的市民那里学来的。

（11）南内华达社区学院教授迈克尔·格林由于对1900年美国人口普查中记载该地区当时的人口数为30人表示怀疑，为此曾核对过当时居民的签名。

（12）格林，这位《拉斯维加斯:百年历史》合著者说:“这些签名看上去很相似，没有个人特点。”其中很多人大概都在海伦·斯图尔特的大农场干活，后来她卖掉差不多3平方英里的土地，供人安家落户。

(13) More settlers soon came—drawn from Los Angeles and Salt Lake City by cheap land and the promise of train ticket refund if they plunked down as little as $100 on a lot. “A $25 down payment and a $22 round-trip ticket to L.A.,” recalled Ed V on Tobel Jr., 92, whose father bought two parcels and opened a lumber yard to supply the town's first building boom.

(14) The auction was conducted near today's Plaza hotel-casino. When it was done, organizers even sold the roughhewn auctioneer's stand for floors for the city's first canvas-sided homes.

(15) “I think they got $7 for the wood,” Green said.

(16) Years later, motorists would be lured off the highways by billboards touting cheap shrimp cocktail (still 99 cents at the Golden Gate) and free rooms for gamblers.

（13）更多的定居者旋即而至——他们被廉价的土地和如果他们付区区100美元买一块地便可返还火车票款的许诺所吸引，从洛杉矶和盐湖城来到这里。“25美元的定金和一张22美元的到洛杉矶的往返火车票，”92岁的小埃德·冯·托贝尔回忆说。他的父亲当时买了两块地，开了一个木材场为这座城市第一次建筑潮供应木料。

（14）拍卖的场所靠近今天的广场酒店赌场。拍卖结束后，组织者甚至还卖掉了草草搭建的拍卖台，供这座城市的第一批四面帆布墙的住宅做地板用。

（15）“我想他们把这些木头卖了7美元，”格林说。

（16）多年之后，开车路过的人总会被大肆兜售便宜的小虾鸡尾酒(金门大酒店至今仍卖99美分)及为赌客提供免费客房的广告牌所诱惑而驻足于此。

(17) Las Vegas got its first highway, golf course and daily passenger air service in the 1920s, but was hurt by a railroad strike. It recovered in 1931 when state lawmakers relaxed divorce laws and legalized casino gambling, and the federal government began building what would become Hoover Dam on the Colorado River, 30 miles east of town.

(18) Rocha called dam construc tion “a threshold event.”

(19) “Before 1931, more people knew where Las Vegas, New Mexico, was than where Las Vegas, Nevada, was,” he said. “It was one of the largest public works project in the history of the nation, and with water and hydroelectric power available, people could start thinking about bigger things.”

（17）20世纪20年代，拉斯维加斯开始有了公路、高尔夫球场和每日客运航班，但遭受了铁路罢工的打击。但随着1931年州立法者放宽了离婚法并使赌博合法化，以及联邦政府在距拉斯维加斯以东30英里的科罗拉多河开始兴建胡佛大坝，拉斯维加斯开始复苏。

（18）罗查称大坝建设是“分水岭”。

（19）他说:“在1931年前，知道新墨西哥州的拉斯维加斯在哪里的人比知道内华达州的拉斯维加斯在哪儿的人要多。胡佛大坝是美国历史上最大的公共建设工程之一，有了水和水电，人们可以开始考虑更大的事。”

(20) World War II brought soldiers to a gunnery range that became Nellis Air Force Base, workers to Basic Magnesium Inc. to produce lightweight metal in Henderson for the war effort, and gamblers to downtown Fremont Street.

(21) “The Apache, the Boulder, the Frontier Club, the Pioneer. A lot had Western names and a very Western orientation,” Green said of the neon-lit casinos in downtown's “Glitter Gulch.” Helldorado Days started in 1935 as a Western-themed pageant and ran until 1998.

(22) The Western theme continued with the opening of the El Rancho on the Strip—a stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard south of town in Clark County that Golden Nugget owner Guy McAfee is credited with naming after the famous Sunset Strip in Hollywood.

（20）第二次世界大战将士兵带到了后来成为纳利斯空军基地的射击场，将工人带到了亨德森的“碱性镁公司”，在那里生产轻金属以供军用，将赌徒们带到了市中心的弗里蒙特大街。

（21）“阿帕奇，巨石，边疆夜总会和拓荒者。很多都有西部名称和强烈的西部色彩，”格林在谈到市区内“流金沟”大街上霓虹灯闪烁的赌场时说。“Helldorado狂欢节”作为西部主题的庆典游行起源于1935年，并一直持续到1998年。

（22）随着位于克拉克郡南拉斯维加斯大道的延伸段—拉斯维加斯大街—的“牧场”汽车旅馆的开业，西部主题得以延续。一般认为，是“金块赌场酒店”的老板盖伊·麦卡菲按照好莱坞著名的“日落大街”的叫法而起的街名。

(23) Benjamin “Bugsy” Siegel broke ground in 1945 with $1.5 million from New York and California underworld associates on a hotel farther down the Strip. A year later and $4.5 million over budget, it opened as the Flamingo. Within months the legendary mobster was shot to death-but his hotel would thrive.)

(24) “The Flamingo touched off the Strip building boom,” Green said. “In the next decade and a half, you get the classic old Strip hotels—the Thunderbird, Desert Inn, Sahara, Sands, Riviera, Hacienda, New Frontier, Tropicana.”

(25) Mobster Morris “Mo” Dalitz arrived from Cleveland in 1949 to open the Desert Inn and Las Vegas Country Club, and diversified into housing, a hospital and a residential mall east of the Strip.

（23）1945年，本杰明·“狂人”·西格尔从纽约和加州黑社会同伙那里筹集了150万美元在大街的更南端动工兴建了一家酒店。一年后，这家名为“火烈鸟”的酒店开业，比预算多花了450万美元。仅仅过了数月，这个颇具传奇色彩的黑帮成员被人射杀——但他的酒店依然生意兴隆。

（24）“‘火烈鸟’引发了这条大街的建筑潮，”格林说，“在随后的15年里，一流的老字号大街酒店—如雷鸟、沙

漠客栈、撤哈拉、金沙、里维埃拉、庄园、新边摄、热带酒店均落户于此。”

（25）1949年，黑帮成员莫里斯·“莫”·达里兹从克利夫兰来到这里，创办了“沙漠客栈”和拉斯维加斯乡村俱乐部，并在大街东部从事住房、医院和居民购物中心等多种投资。

(26) Northwest of downtown, the Moulin Rouge opened as the city's first integrated casino in 1955, drawing black and white entertainers after their Strip performances. 1t closed within six months, but it led to the landmark 1960 agreement to desegregate Strip hotels.

(27) On the Strip, Frank Sinatra played the Sands’ Copa Room nightly and caroused after hours with “Rat Pack” buddies Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Joey Bishop and Peter Lawford.

(28) The gambling industry gained credibility with the creation of the Nevada Gaming Commission and “respectability,” Green said, when reclusive tycoon Howard Hughes decided to settle m the Desert Inn, one of several casinos he bo ught. “After he arrived, the city was seen as a clean investment for people who didn't have to have a rap sheet,” Green said.

（26）1955年，坐落在市中心西北的“红磨坊”酒店开业.这是拉市第一家综合性赌场，吸引了在大街那边刚表演完的黑人和白人演艺人员来此寻欢。虽然这家酒店没到6个月就关了门，但它却导致了具有里程碑意义的废除拉斯维加斯大街酒店种族隔离的1960年协定。

（27）在拉斯维加斯大街，弗兰克·西纳特拉每晚在“金沙酒店”Copa Room大厅演出，然后与“耗子帮”的哥们儿迪安·马丁，小萨米·戴维斯，乔伊·毕晓谱和彼得·劳福德一起寻欢作乐数小时。

（28）格林说，赌博业随着内华达博彩委员会的成立而增强了可信度，而当霍华德·休斯这位深居简出的大亨决定在“沙漠客栈”——他收购的赌场之一——定居时，也为赌博业赢得了“声名”。“在他到来后，拉斯维加斯便被看成是那些不一定有犯罪前科的人清白投资之所，”格林说。

(29) Hughes moved in in 1966, by coincidence the same year that Caesar's Palace, Las Vegas’ first Chemed casino, opened. Elvis Presley gave Las Vegas a “viva” identity during his 837 performances at the Hilton from 1969 to 1977.

(30) Twelve years later, Steve Wynn opened The Mirage with an exotic tropical theme and a fire-belching volcano. The first new hotel on the Strip in 16 years sparked a competitive casino boom-and a wave of spectacular implosions. Gone are the Dunes, the Iandmark, the Sands, the Hacienda, the El Rancho and the Desert Inn. In their places are multibillion-dollar hotel-casinos and a tourism machine that teases: “What happens here, stays here.”

(31) “Megastars, megabucks megacasinos, you can't find anything else like it on the planet,” Rocha said. “The question is, what’s next?”

（29）休斯1966年迁居到拉斯维加斯，巧合的是，拉斯维加斯第一家主题赌场“恺撤宫”也在这一年开业。从1969年至1977年，埃尔维斯·普雷斯利在希尔顿酒店举行了837场演出，使得拉斯维加斯声誉鹊起。

（30）12年后，史蒂夫·温开办了带有异域热带主题情调和喷火火山的“海市蜃楼”酒店赌场。这是16年来在拉斯维加斯大街开张的首家新酒店，它激发了赌场的竟争和繁荣——以及一场惊人的内斗风潮。“沙丘”、“路标”、“金沙”、“庄园”、“牧场”和“沙漠客栈”都已不复存在，取而代之的是斥资数十亿美元建造的酒店赌场和哄骗游客“既来之，则安之”的旅游机器。

（31）“演艺巨星，一掷千金的大型赌场，这些都在世界上绝无仅有，”罗查说。“问题是，接下来是什么呢?”

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(1) You might have to go back to Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press to find a technology as disruptive. The Internet publishing can reproduce content and distribute it almost anywhere at nearly light speed. Call it the perfect copying machine—with an out tray to everyone.

(2) And that’s the trouble. For any creator of “intellectual property”—text, software, music, videos, and so on—the Internet is challenging the fundamental notion of who owns the content and how it can be used. This week, the issue reached the United States Supreme Court in a case that may go a long way toward deciding what rights creators hav e. The issue isn’t clear cut.

(3) Protect the creators too much and it may inhibit technological progress and chill artistic expression, some argue. Others say the technology and culture of sharing electronic files has made the philosophy of “all rights reserved” obsolete.

(4) What’s needed, some observers urge, is a new copyright that recognizes a middle ground between all rights and no rights to a work of art.

(5) In court, the big music and film companies “can win every single case from now until the cows come home, but they cannot put the genie back in the bottle because people have discovered that they have the tools of participation,” says Andrew Zolli, founder of Z+Partners, a think tank in New York. What the Internet has done is wrest away from a few producers the ability to sell scarce goods to a large group of consumers through expensive and highly controlled channels, he adds, such as when three commercial networks controlled what TV viewers saw in the I960s. Now everyone with access to a computer has “the tools to produce as much media—if not more—than they consume.

(6) Indeed, the Int ernet hasn’t only made copying easy, it also has helped foster a culture in which some artists create new work by literally reusing or remixing” the work of others. Hip-hop music, built on the idea of “sampling” the beats or sounds of earlier music, is the most obvious of several examples. “The very works that we seek to copyright are built from found objects of other cultural products,” Mr. Zolli says.

(7) Some say this remix world demands a new attitude toward copyright, one that still respects the artist’s need to make a living, but acknowledges that a carrot works better than a stick to pay the bills.

(8) That was John Buckman’s idea in 2003 when he founded https://www.docsj.com/doc/c09054973.html,, an independent record label that sells music through online downloads and CDs and also licenses music for both commercial and noncommercial use. His business plan was simple: Let people listen to the music all they want for free over the Internet. If they like an album so much they want to own it, they can pay a range of prices from $5 to $18 per album, which they can choose. (On average, he says, buyers are paying $8.20.)

(9) Whatever they pay, half goes directly to the musician, a much larger share than in conventional record deals. The company has 180 artists signed up, most of whom produce music in niche categories, such as classical or new age. So far, no one’s getting rich. The highest earners, Mr. Buckman says, make a little more than $20,000 a year, barely enough for a couple of Britney Spears’s wardrobe changes.

(10) The compa ny’s slogan is “We Are Not Evil.” That’s a direct swipe at major record labels, whose pricing policies and crackdown on illegal file-swapping have angered many. That activity, known as peer-to-peer (or p2p) file-sharing, is shrinking a bit, and legal downl oading from sites such as Apple’s iTunes music store is increasing, according to a recent poll from the Pew Internet & American Life Project. But it’s unclear whether illegal swapping really is decreasing, or whether respondents are reluctant to admit to it for fear of being sued’9 by music companies.

(11) P2p lies at the heart of a case argued before the US Supreme Court Tuesday. In MGM v. Grokster, lawyers for the entertainment industry and others argue that p2p software such as Grokster is used almost exclusively for illegal sharing of copyrighted material, such as songs. They want it shut down or hemmed in by strict safeguards.

(12) Those supporting Grokster, mostly from the high-tech community, argue that such restrictions would inhibit future technological innovation and creative energy. They say that the software has legitimate uses.

(13) The Grokster case will turn on one issue: whether the technology has substantial uses that are legal uses, says Manny Pokotilow, the managing partner of Caesar, Rivise, Bernstein, Cohen & Pokotilow, an intellectual property law firm in Philadelphia.

(14) In a narrow 5-to-4 decision in 1984 involving the Sony Betamax videocassette recorder, the Supreme Court said Sony wasn’t liable if some people used the mach ine to make illegal copies because the technology had substantial legal uses as well.

(15) If the court does crack down, and if entertainment companies continue to sue individuals who use p2p, Buckman says, he expects a boon for his business. “The harsher the atmosphere is for pirates, the more angry they will be, and the more they’ll seek out fairer alternatives,” he says.

(16) Buckman operates under a unique kind of copyright called Creative Commons, developed by Stanford University law professor Lawren ce Lessig, in which “some rights reserved” is the operating principle. Under Creative Commons, artists can choose to relinquish all rights (release to the public domain) or keep some, such as requiring attributions (giving the author credit). They may ask for permission and payment for commercial use, but not for noncommercial use. And they can mandate that the user agree to “share alike,” meaning that if the work of art is used to help create a new work (such as a new song), that new work of art has to allow

others to use it in the same way.

(17) More and more companies springing up will recognize the new economics of copyright, Zolli says. “Some of them will flame out badly. “Some of them will go down and take some of their customers with them.... But a new crop of companies will eventually emerge to take advantage of the participation and create economic value out of it.”

(18) One successful model already exists in https://www.docsj.com/doc/c09054973.html,, he says. “Amazon actually puts huge amounts of their intellectual property [online for free]. You can read many of the books that you can buy from Amazon right on the website.”

(19) Letting customers sample content creates new demand and not just for a few blockbusters. Some 90 percent of the books listed on https://www.docsj.com/doc/c09054973.html, s ell fewer than 1,000 copies each, he says. People are “buying books they’ve never heard of” until https://www.docsj.com/doc/c09054973.html, introduced them.

(20) The technique isn’t new, Buckman says. “Music has always been given away for free to create demand.” It’s been sold through b eing played on the radio and more recently through music videos on MTV or free CDs stuck into magazines. “All we’re doing is giving it away through a different medium,” he adds.

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