FLEXIBLE, DYNAMIC AND COMPLIANT REGION OF INTEREST CODING IN JPEG

FLEXIBLE,DYNAMIC AND COMPLIANT REGION OF INTEREST CODING IN JPEG2000

RenéRosenbaum,Heidrun Schumann

University of Rostock

Computer Science Department

D–18051Rostock

Germany

{rrosen,schumann}@informatik.uni-rostock.de

ABSTRACT

Image transmission with JPEG2000can be speeded up by using regions of interest(RoIs).By such a mechanism, parts of an image not belonging to RoIs can be transmitted later or encoded at a lower bit rate.This paper describes a ?exible dynamic RoI-scheme which supports the de?nition and handling of arbitrarily-shaped RoIs in JPEG2000.The scheme supports the dynamic de?nition and prioritization of new and existing RoIs at any time during image trans-mission.This can be done without having to decode and re-encode the JPEG2000datastream.To reach this,we use the?exible Precinct/Layer-mechanism of the standard.The proposed scheme is fully compliant with the JPEG2000-Baseline-Codec.

1.INTRODUCTION

Wireless networks like GSM allow ubiquitous access to im-age content.Since the bandwidth offered by such networks is very limited,?exible image coding techniques,eg.JPEG 2000,have to be used which support the encoding of RoIs. By such a scheme,image parts not belonging to RoIs can be transmitted later or encoded using lower levels of detail (LoD).

The JPEG2000-standard describes two different tech-niques,which re?ne the RoI by quality.Part1of the stan-dard describes the Maxshift-method[3].The encoding of the RoI is reached by a constant up-shifting of all RoI-co-ef?cients in the wavelet domain.Thus,these coef?cients are handled prior during the next steps of the codec.This method supports every RoI-shape,which doesn’t need to be signaled to the decoder.However,the rising of bitplanes during the scaling procedure decreases the compression per-formance.Furthermore,the entire RoI has to be decoded before the background.

The second part of the standard introduces a more com-mon form of the Maxshift-method.By using different scal-This work was supported by SIEMENS AG CT IC2Munich.ing values,it is possible to prioritize RoIs,but in so doing the shape of the RoIs has to be signaled explicitly.Like the Maxshift-method,a possible loss of image information can appear.

A combination of the these techniques is presented in

[4].This technique reduces the encoded bitplanes by de-creasing the quality of the image information.

Nevertheless,all of these techniques have the drawback of a static RoI-encoding.All RoIs must be de?ned during the encoding of the image.This is suf?cient for a lot of ap-plications,but in interactive environments a dynamic RoI-handling is needed.In[5]an approach for encoding dy-namic RoIs is presented.Depending on the RoI-de?nition, this method fully transcodes the last steps of the codec.How-ever,this approach needs a lot of computing power and cre-ates a non-compliant datastream.

In this paper,we address these problems by proposing a new approach.The?exible Precinct/Layer-mechanism of JPEG2000is used to realize a dynamic RoI-scheme which supports the de?nition and handling of arbitrarily-shaped RoIs,the dynamic de?nition and prioritization of new and existing RoIs and the creation of a compliant datastream. The paper is structured as follows:After discussing the ba-sic idea of the method,we will describe the algorithm for the creation of a demand-driven RoI-enhanced JPEG2000 datastream and a framework which uses the new approach to transcode dynamic RoIs.Finally,we conclude with di-rections for further work.

2.THE MAIN IDEA OF THE METHOD

The basic principle of our approach is the prioritized han-dling of JPEG2000-packets belonging to RoIs.To reach the aspired RoI-functionality,our proposal makes use of:?the?exible layer mechanism,to build a compliant

datastream,

?the independence of JPEG2000-packets,to decode im-

age information of RoI earlier and

?the pyramid-encoding property,to enable spatial ac-

cess to image information belonging only to RoIs. To allow an unique application of the approach,we use a ?exible RoI/LoD-scheme.All used features are described in the manner to understand their embedding and functionality within JPEG2000.

2.1.Precincts,Layers and Packets

JPEG2000uses a extensive mechanism to format the en-coded coef?cients to the?nal datastream.In the last coding step,all grouped and encoded coef?cients of a subband co-vered by one cell of a de?ned regular grid are combined to a precinct.The cell size of the grid can be chosen indepen-

dently for every resolution level.For every resolution level precinct-triples(HL,LH,HH)are created by concatenating precincts belonging to the same spatial region.Thus,the structure represents the complete encoded information of a spatial region at a particular resolution level.To enable the SNR-progressive re?nement,it is necessary to spread this information using a number of layers.Every layer contains a certain amount of data from the considered precincts.This partial data from a precinct-triple is formatted and called a packet.If there is no information to include,an empty packet is created.The whole procedure is done on every resolution level,precinct and layer.The resulting packets are formatted to the?nal datastream.A single packet can be decoded independently from another,but it doesn’t carry any tag to derive its position.This information is derived from a?xed packet order and the position of the packet in the?nal stream.

A JPEG2000-compliant decoder assumes this encoding scheme for every stream to decode.As long as we change only variables of the scheme we will be compliant.

2.2.Spatial access to RoI

The pyramid-encoding property of a common wavelet de-composition scheme(e.g.EZW,SPIHT)is well known.All coef?cients of a pyramid belong to the same spatial area (e.g.a RoI)of an encoded image.To support RoIs,these coef?cients can be handled and decoded?rst.In doing so,it is possible to exclusively enhance the RoI-area in resolution and quality as described in[1,2].

Due to the quite different architecture of JPEG2000,to access every coef?cient independently is very costly.To overcome this,we use a block-based approach,which uses precincts.Thereby a regular access grid is de?ned in the image domain.To be JPEG2000-compliant,the cell size in each direction has to be power a of2and in?uences the ?neness of the spatial access to RoIs.This nominal cell size is propagated to the next lower resolution level by dividing the size by2.This is done for every level,which ensures all

(1,1)

(2,2)

Fig.1.Pyramid-encoding in JPEG2000using precincts.

levels have the same number of precincts and the pyramid-structures are build up suitably(Fig.1).Every pyramid and pyramid-level can be decoded independently and is access-ible via its belonging packets.The resulting stream is stored once and is considered further on as the original JPEG2000-datastream.

2.3.RoIs and LoDs

In our approach,each RoI is represented as a polygonal area in the spatial domain.To every RoI we assign a LoD,which will be re?ned depending on user demands.At any time the user can specify which layer(quality)of which resolution level(resolution)of which RoI shall be handled now.Thus, prioritizing a RoI can be easily done by exclusively consi-dering image information belonging to this speci?c RoI.

In case we have multiple and overlapping RoIs,the af-fected image information is assigned to the RoI which has the highest priority.

3.DESCRIPTION OF THE ALGORITHM

As a starting point of our approach,we need an original JPEG2000-datastream created in the described manner.Ad-ditionally,we have some user demands,e.g the de?nitions of RoIs,to be applied to the datastream.As a result we want a demand-enhanced JPEG2000-datastream,which consid-ers these requirement.

The algorithm is embedded into a framework,which computes the precincts to be handled depending on actual demands and selects the belonging packets in the datastream.

Selected packets have to be arranged prior to currently remaining packets.Because of the missing position tag of

a packet,it isn’t possible to rearrange these packets with-out consideration of the whole datastream.To reach this, we use the property that a packet can be empty together with the?exible layer functionality.We call it dynamic layer insertion.The method is simple and handled using a transcoder.If only some packets of the actual layer have to be handled,a new layer is created,and all packets from non-important precincts are up-shifted by one.Thus,the actual layer contains only image information from the preferred precincts.Afterwards,the resulting non-staffed positions are?lled with empty packets to retain the position informa-tion.Then the actual layer can be completely moved to the enhanced datastream.

(a)Original datastream.

(b)First and last transcoding step.

Fig.2.Dynamic layer lnsertion in JPEG2000using transcoding(grey:layers of the enhanced datastream).

Fig.2shows an example of the procedure.The origi-nal JPEG2000datastream contains2layers,4precincts and only one resolution level(Fig.2a.).The packets are shown as boxes.We assume the creation of a new layer as one dis-crete step.In the example,image information from precinct 2and3have to be placed?rst in the enhanced datastream. The transcoder creates a new last layer and moves all other packets to the next upper layer(Fig.2b.).Free positions are ?lled with empty packets.Now the modi?cation of the?rst layer is?nished and the?rst part of the enhanced datastream created.This partial stream is JPEG2000-compliant and can be decoded without any knowledge of the following layers.Changes in demands are shown in the next image.After the ?nalization of the?rst layer,the example assumes a new de-mand,which requires information from precinct1only.The system creates a next layer and handles the affected packets as described.Depending on following demands,this proce-dure is done layer by layers and ends if all packets of the original datastream were handled.Every completed layer is appended at the layer former created.Because the main header of the enhanced datastream was created?rst and it contains the number of layers of the whole datastream,we have to adjust this value with every appended layer.

The proposed method offers a lot of advantages.Dur-ing the creation of a layer all current demands,like new RoI-de?nitions and/or changes in prioritization of the RoIs, can be considered.This allows a dynamic and?exible RoI-handling.Because we only rearrange the datastream,this approach is very fast,needs only less computing power and produces a non-redundant JPEG2000-compliant datastream. Furthermore,the method doesn’t change the encoded image information.If the original image was encoded losslessly, the enhanced datastream does not change this property.

The described approach uses precincts to access the im-age information of RoIs.Because a precinct acts as a box for lots of wavelet-coef?cients,the spatial access can’t be realized as granular as using coef?cient-based approaches. Thus,we may transmit more data than necessary to display a RoI.This can be improved by downsizing the access grid cells during the encoding procedure of the original image. Hence,this leads to a worse compression performance.As several tests have shown,a cell size of32x32offers a good trade-off between compression and spatial access.By using empty packets to retain the right assignment of packets,the enhanced datastream becomes bigger than the original one. In our tests we measured a strong variance in the increment, because it depends on a number of values like image size, number of resolution levels and user demands.A typical in-teraction scenario with three successively de?ned RoIs and changes in the prioritization increases the original stream by5?15%.To reduce the number of empty packets,we use the opportunity of JPEG2000to split up the image in smaller independently handled regions,called tiles.Thus, empty packets need to be included in affected tiles only.

The proposed method can be suitably applied to every JPEG2000-datastream including more than one precinct per resolution level.Nevertheless,by using the described pyra-mid-encoding,the image information covered by the several pyramid-precincts is restricted to RoI-areas only.

4.A FRAMEWORK FOR TRANSCODING

DYNAMIC ROIS

The proposed method was included in a system for demand-driven image transmission[1,2].To support JPEG2000,

Fig.3.Dynamic Regions of Interest with JPEG2000using the proposed method(image after9(left),12(center)and15 (right)seconds using a GSM connection).

a Veri?cation Model8.6-library of the JPEG2000-baseline-codec is used.The dynamic layer insertion is implemented as an additional transcoder at the server side.Every?nal-ized layer is transmitted directly to the client.To provide RoI-functionality to the viewer,a we

b browser plugin has been developed.The client allows the easy speci?cation of RoIs and the decoding of the received partial and compliant datastream during a running transmission.This is demon-strated in an example,where the initial de?nition of a cen-tral ellipti

c RoI is assumed(Fig.3/left).The image infor-mation of this region will be exclusively re?ne

d until all information was transmitted or th

e viewer changes his de-mands.In our example,the viewer de?nes a new rectangu-lar RoI(Fig.3/center)to see the whole lighthouse and the surrounding areas.Hence,the priority o

f the?rst RoI is au-tomatically decreased.The new RoI partially overlaps the former RoI.By means of a redundancy-free transmission, the overlap is handled automatically by the existin

g system. Lastly the viewer wants to see the whole image and de?nes a RoI containing all parts of the image(Fig.3/right).Since we have already transmitted a lot of image information and only differential data is transmitted,re?nement of the whole image can be performed very fast.

5.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

In this paper,we have proposed a new method for the in-corporation of regions of interest into JPEG2000.Unlike many existing techniques,the proposed scheme allows the dynamic and?exible de?nition of regular polygonal RoIs. This is reached by rearranging an original datastream and using?exible layer insertion.This ensures a redundancy-free re?nement of already transmitted image information and a fast and easy creation of a fully JPEG2000-compliant datastream.

In some cases it isn’t suitable to transmit the information from3different subbands within one JPEG2000-packet.To overcome this limitation of JPEG2000,in further work we will enhance our approach to support the transmission of information from selected subbands only.This leads to a more adapted RoI-handling and saves bandwidth during the transmission of such a RoI.

6.REFERENCES

[1]U.Rauschenbach and H.Schumann,“Demand-driven

image transmission with levels of detail and regions of interest,”Computers and Graphics,vol.23,no.6,pp.

857–866,December1999.

[2]Uwe Rauschenbach,RenéRosenbaum,and Heidrun

Schumann,“A?exible polygon representation of mul-tiple overlapping regions of interest for wavelet-based image coding,”in Proc.IEEE ICIP2001,Thessaloniki, Greece,October7-102001.

[3]“JPEG2000image coding system,part1,”Final Draft

International Standard part1with corrigendum1and draft corrigendum2,ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1 (ITU-T SG8),5July2001.

[4]Raphael Grosbois,Diego Santa Cruz,and Touradj

Ebrahimi,“New approach to jpeg2000compliant re-gion of interest coding,”SPIE46th anual meeting,Ap-plications of Digital Image Processing,July2001. [5]Diego Santa Cruz,Touradj Ebrahimi,Mathias Larson,

Joel Askel?f,and Charilaos Christopoulos,“Region of interest coding in jpeg2000for interactive client/server applications,”IEEE Third workshop on multimedia sig-nal processing,pp.389–394,September1999.

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9. 对于一些指示变量变化的信号，必须指示传感器的信号，可以添加一个符号库，然后在 布局里设置其背景为透明的，填充颜色模式为实心的，设置其前景色、背景色都是灰色 的，然后在动画---外观里设置其指向需要显示的变量，设置在不同值时不同的前景色即 可。 10. 在屏上显示控制面板时，不能下载。 11. 如果连接的PLC名称改变，可以在选项里选择重新连接，不过前提是PLC 的名称必须 和原来变量连接的PLC的名称一致。 12. 按钮的焦点颜色和宽度指的是按钮被激活时，在按钮上显示的边框的颜色和宽度，一般 把宽度设为1，颜色无所谓。 13. 如果要实现中英文切换，步骤如下:a，在项目语言里，设置编辑语言和参考语言;b， 在画面里做一个按钮，设置单击时的动作是设置-----》Setlanguage，函数选择Toggle的 话，表示单击一次改变一下语言，函数选择en-GB的话表示单击后切换到英文，选择 zh-CN的话，单击后切换到中文;c，在设备设置-----》语言和字体里设置两种语言的显 示格式;d，在语言设置------》项目文本里设置相应的按钮对应的英文翻译。 14. 建立配方步骤:a，在配方里新建一个配方;

用WINCC flexible软件下载旧的触摸屏

用WINCC flexible软件下载旧的触摸屏（OP170B）出现软件版本与触摸屏版本不相同，在传送里面有个OS更新，点开后数据线要连上，点更新OS，如果还是出现以上问题，可能是装了WINCC flexible软件后，又安装了ProTool软件。那就看它的操作系统镜像路径是不是选择的C:\Program Files\Siemens\SIMATIC WinCC flexible\WinCC flexible Images\Mobile_OP_TP170B\Mobile_OP_TP170B_V7_2_0_0.img 如果不是就有可能选择的是C:\SIEMENS\PROTOOL\Utility\ProSave\Images\Mobile_OP_TP170B 这个路径，要改成上面的那个路径 1. 在ProTool项目的“控制器”中双击新建的PLC选择驱动，根据相 应的PLC选择S7-200或S7-300/400。 2. 选择“参数”，为OP分配地址，默认为1；选则相应的协议 (PPI/MPI/DP)和波特率，要和PLC通信口的协议和速率一致；分配相应的PLC地址（默认为2），机架号和槽号，注意槽号一般输入CPU的位置，S7-300一般为2，S7-400一般为3。 3. 如果ProTool是集成在STEP7中的，就需要在“连接OP至网 络”中选择通信网络(MPI/DP)，再到“选择通信同级”中选择相应网络中的CPU，这样通信协议、波特率以及通信地址、机架号和插槽号等信息会自动从STEP7中同步到ProTool中，不用输入。2.https://www.docsj.com/doc/c02877954.html,/File001/File_5970.html 3．wincc flexible 2007安装后少template_zh cn.tmp文件 悬赏分：50 - 解决时间：2009-4-18 11:07 我的wincc flexible 2007 安装后在C盘simatic wincc flexible 2007\caches\1.2.0.0_155.1\Resd\template_zh cn.tmp,没有template_zh cn.tmp，请安装这个软件的人，给我发一下这个文件，邮箱：leipeng_911@https://www.docsj.com/doc/c02877954.html, 提问者：lpabc1986 - 助理二级

winccflexible组态概述

Wincc_Flexible组态简介 WinCC flexible，德国西门子（SIEMENS）公司工业全集成自动化（TIA）的子产品，是一款面向机器的自动化概念的HMI软件。WinCC flexible 用于组态用户界面以操作和监视机器与设备，提供了对面向解决方案概念的组态任务的支持。WinCC flexible与WinCC十分类似，都是组态软件，而前者基于触摸屏，后者基于工控机。 HMI由硬件和软件两部分组成，硬件部分包括处理器、显示单元、输入单元、通信接口、数据存贮单元等，其中处理器的性能决定了HMI 产品的性能高低，是HMI的核心单元。根据HMI的产品等级不同，处理器可分别选用8位、16位、32位的处理器。HMI软件一般分为两部分，即运行于HMI硬件中的系统软件和运行于PC机Windows操作系统下的画面组态软件（如WinCC flexible）。使用者都必须先使用HMI的画面组态软件制作“工程文件”，再通过PC 机和HMI 产品的串行通信口，把编制好的“工程文件”下载到HMI的处理器中运行。 HMI人机界面产品的基本功能包括： 1、设备工作状态显示，如指示灯、按钮、文字、图形、曲线等； 2、数据、文字输入操作，打印输出 3、生产配方存储，设备生产数据记录 4、简单的逻辑和数值运算 5、可连接多种工业控制设备组网 HMI的选型指标包括： 1、显示屏尺寸及色彩、分辨率、HMI的处理器速度性能、 2、输入方式：触摸屏或薄膜键盘 3、画面存贮容量，注意厂商标注的容量单位是字节（byte）、还是位（bit） 4、通信口种类及数量，是否支持打印功能

本模块主要介绍西门子TP 270触摸屏，其接口外形如图3-2所示，接口功能描述见表3-1。 图3-2 西门子TP 270接口排列图 表3-1接口功能描述 编号描述应用 1 接地连接用于连接到机架地线 2 电源连接到电源+24V DC 3 接口IF1B RS 422/RS 485(未接地)接口 4 接口IF1A 用于PLC 的RS 232接口 5 接口IF2 用于PC、PU、打印机的RS 232接口 6 开关用于组态接口IF1B 7 电池连接连接可选备用电池 8 USB接口用于外部键盘，鼠标等的连接 9 插槽B 用于CF卡 10 以太网接口(只用于MP 270B) 连接RJ45以太网线 11 插槽A(只用于MP 270B) 用于CF卡