2015年职称英语考试卫生类B级概括大意文章精选

Transport and Trade

1Transport is one of the aids to trade.By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce,transport adds to their value.The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer,the better for trade.When there were no railways,no good roads,no canals,and only small sailing ships,trade was on a small scale.

2The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big in crease in trade.Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand,for instance.Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business,drawing supplies from,and selling goods to,all parts of the global.Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes.Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes.Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.

3Transport also prevents waste.Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland

towns.Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally.Foods,which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year,can now be obtained all through the year.Transport has raised the standard of living.

4By moving fuel,raw materials,and even power,as,for example,through electric cables,transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before.Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another.The cheaper and quicker transport becomes,the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried.Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.

5Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information.Means of communication,like telephones,cables and radio,send information about prices,supplies,and changing conditions in different parts of the world.In this way,advanced communication systems also help to develop trade. EXERCISE：

1.Paragraph2___________

2.Paragraph3___________

3.Paragraph4___________

4.Paragraph5___________

A.Higher living standard

B.Importance of transport in trade

C.Various means of transport

D.Birth of transport-related industries and trade

E.Role of information in trade

F.public transportation

5.The development of modern means of transport_____________.

6.Only when goods can be carried to all parts of the world quickly_____________.

7.Transport has made it possible for people to eat whatever food they want_____________.

8.In the trade of modern society the transmission of information plays as important a role as_____________.

A.to send goods to various parts of the world

B.at any time during the year

C.has greatly promoted trade

D.is it possible to produce on a large scale

E.the transport of goods

F.it is possible to produce on a large scale

答案：1.B2.A3.D4.E5.C6.D7.B8.E

Ceasing to Wear Ties

1It's useless.It's dirty.It spreads disease.That's why the British Medical Association in the UK recently called for hospital doctors to stop wearing ties.

2That leads to another question.Why does anyone wear a tie？Ties serve no purpose.They do not cover any part of your body and keep you warm.They always seem to get covered in food stains.Perhaps that is the purpose of the tie.It lets everyone know what you just ate.

3Ties have an odd history.Soldiers from Croatia，in Eastern Europe，served as mercenaries（雇佣军）in various conflicts in the17th century.They were identified by brightly colored pieces of silk worn around the neck.Known as cravats（围巾）,these became a popular fashion item in France and evertually evolved into the tie.

4It's an interesting story，but it doesn't tell us why men want to put useless pieces of cloth or silk around their necks.The answer seems to be about identification（身份证明）.In the 19th-century Britain，ties were used by universities，military regiments（团），sports clubs，schools and gentleman's clubs.Each

tie was in a particular set of colors which identified the wearer as a member of that organization.Wearing ties was also the mark of Britain's most powerful classes.That made the tie itself a symbol of power and respect.And that led it to be adopted by a much larger class-the business class.

5You cannot wear a tie if you work with machinery.So wearing a tie became a sign that you were a man who used his brain to make a living，rather than his hands.It showed you were serious.It showed you were a professional.It meant that everyone who wanted a job in business had to wear one.It was just impossible to take seriously a man who did not wear a piece of colored silk around his neck.This is how millions of people came to wear ties across the world.

6Is there a future for ties？The signs are not promising.Many political leaders，including British Prime Minister Tony Blair，now go without ties.

23.Paragraph.

24.Paragraph.

25.Paragraph.

26.Paragraph.

A.Origin of the tie

B.British ties

https://www.docsj.com/doc/ad14066984.html,elessness of the tie

D.Old-fashioned ties

E.Role of the tie

F.Signs of a tieless era

27.The British Medical Association suggested that.

28.Ties were first worn by the Croatian soldiers.

29.People wore different ties in Britain in the19th century to show that.

30.British Prime Minister Tony Blair is a man.

A.they were workmen

B.they wrere members of different organizations

C.hospital doctors stop wearing ties

D.who does not always wear a tie

E.who served as mercenaries in many conflicts in the17th century

F.who does not want to live like a king

答案：23.C24.A25.E26.F27.C28.E29.B30.D

Soot（煤烟）and Snow:a Hot Combination

New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow.According to a computer simulation,black soot may be responsible for25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.

Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth,where ice is more common,absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy,white background.Dark-colored black carbon,or soot,absorbs sunlight,while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.

Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change.Also,if snow and ice covered areas begin melting,the warming effect increases,as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface."This provides a positive feedback.as glaciers and ice sheets melt,they tend to get even dirtier,"said Dr.James Hansen,a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies.New York.

Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo（solar energy reflected back to space）,which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere,such as thinning Arctic sea ice,melting glaciers and permafrost.Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.

"Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space,thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon,"Hansen said.Soot's increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's

climate.

"This forcing is unusually effective,causing twice as much global warming as a carbon.dioxide forcing of the same magnitude."Hansen noted.

Hansen cautioned,although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial,it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century.Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest"of this century.

The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes.These observations were consistent with the researchers'climate model simulations.which showed some of the 1argest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.

1.Paragraph3__.

2.Paragraph4__.

3.Paragraph6__.

4.Paragraph7__.

A.Soot's Role in Changes in the Climate and the Atmosphere

B.Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere

C.Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot

D.Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo

E.Ways to Reduce Soot Emission

F.Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of G1obal Warming

标准答案：CAFB

5.In the twentieth century,soot__.

6.Hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases__.

7.Black soot covered snow and ice__.

8.A soot forcing is unusually effective,which__.

A.produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude

B.contributed to25percent of observed global warming

C.Can produce greenhouse gases

D.absorb more of sun's energy and warmth than white background

E.still surpass soot in warming the world'S climate during the last century

F.Can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere

标准答案：BEDA

A Star Is Born

1The VLT（Very Large Telescope）is the world's largest telescope （望远镜）and is taking astronomers（天文学家）further back to the Big Bang than they ever thought possible.Located2,600 metres up in the Chilean Andes,it has four huge mirrors,each

about the size of a London bus.The VLT is so powerful it can spot a burning match10,000kilometres away.

2This astonishing power will allow astronomers to see events in space from the birth of stars to the collision（碰撞）of galaxies（星系）on the edge of the cosmos（宇宙）.The VLT is giving astronomers their best-ever view of the cosmos.The power of the VLT to see the smallest detail at the furthest distances makes its designers amazed.

3Take the case of Eta Carinae,one of the most explosive stars in the universe.This star produces ultraviolet laser rays（紫外线）and it will destroy itself in a few million years'time.It is five times brighter than the sun and when it explodes it is going to be a sight worth waiting for!

4But it is at distances of millions,even billions,of light years that the VLT really shows its power.The VLT can detect light that set out on its journey before the earth even existed.This gives astronomers their first-ever detailed views of events that took place in the earliest days of the cosmos. 5In other words,the VLT is a kind of a time machine.It takes astronomers back to a time when complete galaxies crashed into each other.The effects of these past collisions can now be seen by scientists,and astronomers believe the telescope will

reveal more about these exciting events in the years to come.One day,we might be able to say we have traveled back to the beginning of time,and we will have a much clearer picture of how our planet was born.

1.Paragraph1.

2.Paragraph2.

3.Paragraph3.

4.Paragraph4.

A.Events that took place before the earth existed

B.Power of the telescope

C.Details of Eta Carinae

D.Invention of a time machine

E.Biggest telescope

F.Birth of the new worlds

5.The VLT will allow scientists to see events.

6.The designers of the VLT are surprised at.

7.Eta Carinae is taken.

8.Scientists believe the VLT will tell us more about.

A.its detecting power

https://www.docsj.com/doc/ad14066984.html,lions of light years away in space

C.the location of the VLT

D.as an example

E.the birth of the earth

F.the rotation of the earth

参考答案:1.E2.B3.C4.A5.B6.A7.D8.E

Estee Lauder Died

1The child of Central European immigrants who created an international cosmetics（化妆品）empire and became one of the most influential women in US,has died on Saturday.Estee Lauder died at her home in Manhattan,New York City,a company spokesman said.She was97.

2Born in Queens,New York in1908,Lauder was the daughter of a Hungarian mother and a Czech father.

3Lauder began her business career by selling skincare products developed by her uncle John Schotz,a chemist,to beauty salons （美容院）and hotels.In1930,she married Joseph Lauder who became her partner.The company,which became known as Estee Lauder,took off after World War II.

4In1953,the company introduced its first perfume（香水）,Youth Dew,the first of a range of fragrances that has now grown to more than70.they include:Aramis,a line of products for men,launched in1964;and Clinique,a range of odorless（无嗅的）cosmetics,which followed in1968.

5By the time she retired in1995,Lauder was presiding over a

multibillion-dollar enterprise,which now ranks number349in the Fortune500list of largest US companies.In1998,she was the only woman to feature in Time magazine's selection of the 20most important business geniuses of the last century.There were two secrets to her success:her gift for selling things and her tireless energy and determination never to accept second best.

6Even after her retirement at the age of89,Lauder remained closely involved.Beauty,Lauder believed,was the most important thing in life.

7She wrote in her1985autobiography,"Estee,a Success Story":"In a perfect world,we'd all be judged on the sweetness of our souls.But in our less than perfect world,the woman who looks pretty has a distinct advantage and,usually,the last word."

1.Paragraph1.

2.Paragraph2.

3.Paragraph3.

4.Paragraph4.

A.Early career

B.Childhood

C.Products

D.Retirement

E.Cosmetics Empress

F.Birth

https://www.docsj.com/doc/ad14066984.html,uder regarded beauty.

https://www.docsj.com/doc/ad14066984.html,uder died.

7.Before marriage,she sold products formulated.

8.After retirement,she continued to show her interest.

A.at the age of97

B.as the most important thing in life

C.by John Schotz

D.in1908

E.in cosmetics

F.on the sweetness of our souls

参考答案:1.F2.A3.C4.E5.B6.A7.C8.E

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