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实用英语词汇学

江苏师范大学2013-2014第一学期公共选修课《实用英语词汇学》课程论文

论文题目英汉词汇互译的差异原因分析

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摘要：英汉互译是很多人希望可以熟练掌握的一门技巧，可是汉英互译的差异，即英语倾向于音译，而汉语倾向于意译的原因，使得很多人不能得其要领而在门外徘徊。本文在对这些研究进行回顾和总结的基础上，尝试从语言文化和文化传统两个方面分析。

关键词：英汉互译；差异；语言；文化。

1、引言

词汇是语言的三大要素之一，在语言学习中起着重要作用。英国语言学家威尔斯金曾说过：“没有语法，人们表达的事物寥寥无几，而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何事物。”词汇在语言中占有如此重要的地位，因此学好词汇背诵词汇具有重要意义。所有英语的学习者都清楚，学好英语必须学习大量的词汇。但面对如此多的生词时，我们时常感到困惑、烦躁，尤其是汉英互译时大体意思的差异，使得背诵英语难上加难。所以，本文将探讨英语的英汉互译的差异原因，期望从中能找到学习英语词汇的突破口。

本文主要从英语词汇学的角度，采用比较分析法和语篇中的意思语境背理论来研究英汉词汇互译。本文将通过对大量词语的分析、研究来论述英汉互译差异产生的原因、背景，在此基础上并试图发现词汇互译的特点。本文期望能具有一定的实用价值，使英语学习者对英汉互译有比较清晰的认识，同时能激发英语学习者学习英语词汇的兴趣，帮助其有效扩大词汇量，灵活掌握英语词汇。

2、文献回顾

作为一种语法现象，英汉互译引起了众多语法学家的关注。本文拟从三个章节研究英语词汇及词汇互译。论文第一二章主要介绍语言制约这个极其重要的原因，其中包括表音文字和表意文字、分析性语言和综合性语言这两大方面的原因。接下来第三章是文化方面的差异分析。

第一章语言制约——表音文字和表意文字

英语是表音文字(phonetic writing).其字母和音素是对应的。语言中所有的音节最后都能分解为音素，用一定的字母或字母组合在书写形式上表示，如magazine听到的3个音节,分析为8个音素分别用8个字母表示，组合起来就成了magazine。因此，音译外来词时可以按其音节，按听到的声音来用字母或字母组合成自己的音节进行。如“功夫”，听到两个音节，英语可以音译为kungfu，再如“太极拳”、“台风”，根据听到的音节，用音素组合而成tai chi ,typhoon。至于在西方语言相互之间音译更是简单，英语和拉丁语、希腊语、德语、法语和北欧诸语言同属于印欧语系，都是拼音文字，音译只需要经过正字(orthography )，字母稍加改动就可以了。因此英语借词是大量的，几乎是没有约束的。

而汉语则不同，作为音节文字(morphemic writing)，一个方块字一个音节，音节是和方块字对应甚至和语素对应。尽管所有音节最后也分解为音素，但音素没有相应的汉字书写形式，只能借助表音节的汉字来进行。如pu tong hua，听到的也是3个音节，落实到书写形式就是三个方块字:“普通话”。也就是说，汉语的对magazine或interde-pendence的音译，听到的3个音节或6个音节最后都得用3个或6个方块汉字来表示。这一特点如在两种不同的语言结构类型中进行音译，就造成困难，并伴随这不可避免的语音和语义的磨损。即使音节和字能够对上，也有一个在众多同音节字中选字的问题。汉字对应的是音节。但汉语音节大约有411个，加上四个音调，这样使音节的总数达到了1300多个，但即使是这样，汉语仍然存在大量的同音异义字现象。外来词中的同一音节可以有许多不同汉字来表示。如buddha，先后曾音译为浮屠、浮图、佛陀和佛驮等。

音译的主要目的是避开意义，而汉字的本性就是顽强表义性，无论挑选哪个字，字的形

符本身都已经具备了其固定的含义。这一对天然矛盾的存在，是的汉语使用音译就非常谨慎。而英语作为拼音文字，词的构成单位是字母，是没有意义的纯符号，无论是拼写还是发音都无法产生意义联想。拼写和意义分离就可以做到零干扰。

第二章语言制约——分析性语言和综合性语言

汉语是分析性语言，词语的书写形式具有较强的理据。对于英语中的派生词和复合词，都可以采取分析法，在汉语的词库里找到表示相应意义的词素，用语素加语素的复合词构词法来译出外来词。如sub+conscious(下+意识)。即使是综合性语言，语素没法分析，也可以在音译的基础上，加上意义贴切的上义语素，用汉语典型的偏正结构进行改造，形成“属”加“种差”这样可分析的词。如golf(高尔夫+球) 、jeep(吉普+车)等。

而英语是综合性语言，大多数是没有理据的单纯词，一个词就是若干的字母的组合，本身没有意义，可以随意被赋予任何意思，这就为音译提供了非常好的条件。不会出现汉语中方块字对音译的冲突。因此英语对外来词音译，按音节进行字母组合，用来表示汉语中这个意思或那个意思，还是约定俗成的，如typhoon、ginseng,这样音译词都符合英语单纯词的特点，而且可以随意引申出更多的意义。我们注意到凡是音译的，都是英美人翻译的，而意译词大多是中国人翻译的，然后传入他们的语言的，如paper tiger、iron-rice bowl。

第三章文化习惯

语言是文化的沉淀，必然要受到民族文化的影响。这一影响不仅决定这民族语言自身结构系统的建立，而且也决定其对于外来语的吸收。从中国人喜欢可解性文字的文化心理出发，就会有寻求调整外来词的形意关系，解决实名之间的矛盾的努力。而音译、音译兼顾、半音半意等就是这种努力的表现。

从文化思维习惯看，英语比较抽象，汉语讲究具体。比较英汉电影名就很能说明问题。如汉语翻译英语电影片名基本上采用音译，即使碰到人名地名要求音译，也必定添出一定意义，越具体越好。如patton《巴顿将军》，rebecca《蝴蝶梦》，hamlet《王子复仇记》。课件英语基本上都是以故事的主人公或发生地作为片名，而汉语音译这些人名地名总感到抽象，必须添出具体意义才感到符实。

拒绝音译，倾向音译也说明了汉文化甚至是近代文化对外来语的态度上总体来说是比较保守的。不说清代的闭关锁国，对外来语的敌视态度，即使是现代，在强调汉语“规范化”和“纯洁性”的同时，对外来语也持否定、甚至是排斥的态度。在既需要外来语，又要捍卫民族文化的矛盾中，只有走“吸收-消化-改良”的意译道路，将外来词纳入汉字造字的构词模式，成为符合汉语言规范的词，才能做到“洋为中用”，捍卫汉语的纯洁性。

但应该注意的是，随着政治环境的宽松，人们对外来词的改变，最近十多年音译词开始增多起来。尤其是科技词汇，大多是音译的，如淋巴（lymph）、基因（gene）、克隆（clone）等。但由于英译涉及字的字面意义的增加，如“爱滋”“伊妹儿”，因此这一缺点限制了其大规模使用。近几年来，随着娱乐界的日趋活跃，我们经常看到如“麦克风”“派对”“嘉年华”。根据郭鸿杰对2003年的文汇报的统计，发现媒体有偏向音译的趋势。

3、结语

本文简单叙述了词汇学英汉互译的原因及其在外语学习中的辅助作用,为进一步研究它们与外语词汇学习之间的关系奠定了基础,但仍有很大研究空间,希望能够为广大英语学习者进一步的研究工作提供有用的资料。

参考书目;

[1] 胡壮麟,姜望琪.语言学高级教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2002.

[2] 汪榕培.英语词汇学高级教程[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.

[3] 汪榕培,卢晓娟.英语词汇学教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997.

[4] 王德春,孙汝建,姚远.社会心理语言学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1995.

[5] 吴潜龙.从语言与思维的关系看第二语言习得中的几个问题[J].外语教学,2000,21(1)

[6] 张晓敏.外语学习与第二语言习得的关系[J].长春工程学院学报(社会科学版),2002,3(1)

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计(时)数器;Timer 计数器高位;TimerHigh Bit ;TH 计数器低位; TimerLow Bit ;TL 计数器模式控制寄存器; Timer Model Control Register; TMOD 计数器控制寄存器; Timer Model Control Register; TCON 串行端口控制寄存器; Serial Control Regiter ; SCON 串行模式控制寄存器; Serial Model Control Register; SMOD 开始位;Start Bit 结束位;Stop Bit 字节数据高位;MSB 字节数据低位; LSB 传输控制寄存器; Pass Control Register; PCON 停止运行设置位; Power Down Bit; PD位闲置模式设置位; Idel Model Set Bit; IDL位辅助寄存器; AUXR 闲置模式下看门狗控制位; Watchdog idle model control bit; WDIDLE 看门狗复位; Watchdog reset 中断服务程序; Interruput Service Routine 宏; macro 寄存器组; Register Bank 中断优先级寄存器; Interrupt Register 波特率; Baud Rate 中断向量; interrupt vector

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English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. The Nature and Scope of English lexicology： English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary Vocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words： By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words&functional words By origin:native words&borrowed words The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary. The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征): 1)All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性） 3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话） (3)slang（俚语） (4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email) Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but) Native Words and Borrowed Words Native words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in use