英语期末考试汇编

第一单元

7、But today fewer of us do our living in that one place;more of us just use it for sleeping.Now we call our towns“bedroom suburbs,”and many of us,without small children as icebreakers,would have trouble naming all the people on our street.然而，如今的情况是居住和工作都在同一个地方的人极少，对更多的人来说家成了一个仅仅用来睡觉的地方。我们的居住地被叫做“近郊居住区”，由于没有了孩子像过去那样起到沟通邻里关系的作用，许多人感到要叫出跟我们同住一条街的所有人的名字是件极不容易的事。

8、It’s not that we are more isolated today.It’s that many of us have transferred a chunk of our friendships,a major portion of our everyday social lives,from home to office.As more of our neighbors work away from home,the workplace becomes our neighborhood.这不是说我们今天被分得更开了，而是好多人已经部分的友谊和大部分的日常社交生活从家里转移到了办文室。随着越来越多的人走出家门去工作，工作的地方就变成了我们的街区。

11、Not all the neighborhoods are empty,nor is every workplace a friendly playground.Most of us have had mixed experiences in these environments.Yet as one woman told me recently,she knows more about the people she passes on the way to her desk than on her way around the block.Our new sense of community hasn’t just moved from house to office building.The labels that we wear connect us with members from distant companies,cities,and states.We assume that we have something“in common”with other teachers,nurses,city planners.不是所有的住宅区都是空的，也不是所有的工作单位都是友好的。多数人在这些环境里都曾有过复杂的经历。然而，最近一位女性朋友告诉我她对工作单位里的人的了解程度要胜于对同一街区人的了解程度。我们不仅把社区的概念从住宅区搬进了办公楼，上班时身上所佩戴的标志也把我们和异国他乡的人们和公司员工联系在一起。我们假设自己和其他的教师、护士、城市规划者有着某些共同点。

12、It’s not unlike the experience of our immigrant grandparents.Many who came to this country still identified themselves as members of the Italian community,the Irish communtiy,the Polish community.They sought out and assumes connection with people from the old country,Many of us have updated that experience.We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity,the way we replaced neighborhood with the workplace.This whole realignment of community is surely most obvious among the mobile professions.People who move from city to city seem to put roots into their professions.In an age of specialists,they may have to search harder to find people who speak the same language.这有点像最初移民来到美国的我们的祖辈们的经历，许多人来到这里后把自己原来的国籍当成一个社区，所以有意大利人社区、爱尔兰人社区、波兰社区等。他们不断寻找并设想自己与来自同一个国家的人们有着亲密的联系。我们把这种体验提升了一步。像用工作单位取代居住地一样，我们用专业身份取代了种族身份。这种社区的完全重组在流动作业的行业中表现得最为明显，那些在不同城市变换工作的人似乎把自己的身份植根于他们的行业中。在这个充满专业人士的时代，他们不得不费尽周折去寻找有共同语言的人。

I remember viewing half a dozen men in a chair factory whose job was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result.The men

knew they were_good.When I talked with them,each expressed enormous_pride_in being a part of the fastest,best team.And this sense of belonging to_an accomplished work group is one of the distinctive satisfactions of the world of_work_.Unlike many other aspects of life,relationships among people at work_tend_to be simpler,less complicated,somewhat less emotional.This is_not_to say there aren’t arguments and jealousies,but,on the whole_,behavioral research discloses that_human relations at work are just easier,perhaps because they are more regular and predictable and_thus_simpler to adjust to than the sporadic,the more intense and_less_regular relationships in the community.And the work group also gently pressures its members to learn how to adjust_t o one another so that the“rough edges”are worked off_because people know they must do certain things with_and through one another each day.Beyond_the team and the work group,there is the organization,whether it be company or hospital or university.The same_pride in being part of a well-coordinated,successful unit is_derived_from being part of a larger collectivity.Working for a company that is_thought_of as being part of the best in the community can provide employees with_both status and self-confidence.They assume,usually with good reasons,that others regard them more highly,even envy them,and that they are more competent_than the average because of this association with a“winner,”a prestigious institution.

11Not all the neighborhoods are empty,nor is every workplace a friendly playgro und.Most of us have had mixed experiences in these environments.Yet as one woman told me recently,she knows more about the people she passes on the way to her desk t han on her way around the block.Our new sense of community hasn’t just moved fro

m house to office building.The labels that we wear connect us with members from dis tant companies,cities,and states.We assume that we have something“in common”with other teachers,nurses,city planners.不是所有的住宅区都是空的，也不是所有的工作单位都是友好的。多数人在这些环境里都曾有过复杂的经历。然而，最近一位女性朋友告诉我她对工作单位里的人的了解程度要胜于对同一街区人的了解程度。我们不仅把社区的概念从住宅区搬进了办公楼，上班时身上所佩戴的标志也把我们和异国他乡的人们和公司员工联系在一起。我们假设自己和其他的教师、护士、城市规划者有着某些共同点。

12It’s not unlike the experience of our immigrant grandparents.Many who came t o this country still identified themselves as members of the Italian community,the Iris h community,the Polish community.They sought out and assumed connections with pe ople from the old country.Many of us have updated that experience.We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity,the way we replaced neighborhood with the workplace.This whole realignment of community is surely most obvious among the m obile professions.People who move from city to city seem to put roots into their profe ssions.In an age of specialists,they may have to search harder to find people who spea k the same language.这有点像最初移民来到美国的我们的祖辈们的经历，许多人来到这里后把自己原来的国籍当成一个社区，所以有意大利人社区、爱尔兰人社区、波兰社区等。他们不断寻找并设想自己与来自同一个国家的人们有着亲密的联系。我们把这种体验提升了一步。像用工作单位取代居住地一样，我们用专业身份取代了种族身份。这种社区的完全重组在流动作业的行业中表现得最为明

显，那些在不同城市变换工作的人似乎把自己的身份植根于他们的行业中。在这个充满专业人士的时代，他们不得不费尽周折去寻找有共同语言的人。

The 21st century feels like a letdown.We were promised flying cars,space colonies and 15-hour workweeks.Robots were supposed to do our chores,except when they were organizing rebellions;children were supposed to learn about disease from history books;portable fusion reactors were supposed to be on sale at the Home Depot.Even dystopian visions of the future predicted leaps of technology and social organization that leave our era in the dust.

Looking beyond the blinking lights and whirring gizmos,though,the new century is shaping up as one of the most amazing periods in human history.Three great transitions set in motion by the Industrial Revolution are reaching their culmination.After several centuries of faster-than-exponential growth,the world's population is stabilizing.Judging from current trends,it will plateau at around nine billion people toward the middle of this century.Meanwhile extreme poverty is receding both as a percentage of population and in absolute numbers.If China and India continue to follow in the economic footsteps of Japan and South Korea,by 2050 the average Chinese will be as rich as the average Swiss is today;the average Indian,as rich as today's Israeli.As humanity grows in size and wealth,however,it increasingly presses against the limits of the planet.Already we pump out carbon dioxide three times as fast as the oceans and land can absorb it;midcentury is when climatologists think global warming will really begin to bite.At the rate things are going,the world's forests and fisheries will be exhausted even sooner.

21世纪的感觉就像一个让人失望。我们被许诺飞行汽车，太空殖民地和15小时工作周。机器人应该做的事情我们做家务，除非他们组织叛乱;孩子们应该了解病从历史书;便携式核聚变反应堆被认为即将发售在Home Depot。即使是反乌托邦的未来的前景预测，留下我们这个时代的除尘技术和社会组织的飞跃。

我们要超越闪烁的灯光和呼呼的小玩意儿，不过，新世纪正成为人类历史上最惊人的时期之一。工业革命运动中设置的三大转向正在达到自己的巅峰之作。经过几个世纪快于指数增长，世界人口正趋于稳定。从目前的趋势来看，它会在高原九点左右十亿人民对本世纪中叶。同时赤贫消退后两者占人口的比例和绝对数量。如果中国和印度继续关注日本和韩国的经济脚步，到2050年，平均每个中国将丰富的平均瑞士今天;普通印度人，丰富今天的以色列。作为人类生长在大小和财富，但是，它日益压靠在行星的极限。我们已经快三倍泵出二氧化碳作为海洋和陆地能吸收它;到本世纪中叶是当气候学家认为全球变暖将真正开始咬人。在利率事情进展，世界森林和渔业将更早耗尽。

第二单元

11、Mother would have liked it better if I could have grown up to be President or

a rich businessman,but much as she loved me,she did not deceive herself.Before I was out of grade school,she could see I lacked the gifts for either making millions or winning the love of crowds.After that she began nudging me toward working with words.假如我现在是总统或者是富有的商人，妈妈应该会更满意的。虽然母亲很爱我，但她并没有欺骗自己。在我高中毕业之时，她就意识到了我缺少那种日进斗金或博取群众爱戴的能力。从那以后她就开始把我往写作的道路上推。

12、Words ran in her family.There seemed to be a word gene that passed down

from her maternal grandfather.He was a school teacher,his daughter Lulie wrote poetry,and his son Charlie became New York correspondent for the Bltimore Herald.In the turn-of-the–century South,still impoverished by the Civil War,words were a way out.母亲的家族有从事写作的传统。从她的外公开始似乎就有一种语言基因代代相传。她的外公是一位教师，他的女儿露利是诗人，儿子查理后来成了《巴尔的摩先驱报》的通讯员。在世纪之交，南方还没有从因为内战而大伤气的状态下恢复过来，写作在当时是一条谋生之路。

19,Seven years later I was assigned by the Sun to cover the White House.For most reporters,being White House correspondent was as close to heaven as you could get.I was 29 years old and puffed up with pride.I went to see my moth er’s delight while telling her about it.I should have known better.7年之后，我被《巴尔的摩太阳报》任命为驻白宫记者。对于大多数记者而言，成为驻白宫记者被看成是离上天只有一步之遥。那时我29岁，踌躇满志。我回有对母亲讲自己晋升的事想看到她高兴。但结果却出乎我的预料。

27、In time there would be an attack on the values my mother preached and I have lived by.When the country began to pull apart in the 1960s and 70s,people who admitted to wanting to amount something were put down as materialists idiotically wasting their lives in the“rat race.”The word“gumption”vanished from the language.母亲一直宣扬而且我一直遵循的价值观终于开始遭到攻击。二十世纪六七十年代，这个国家的价值观念开始分化。那些承认自己想要获得成功的人被鄙视为在“激烈竞争”的凡尘中愚蠢地浪费生命的物质主义者。“进取精神”这个词开始从我们的语言中消失。

Around 1970,psychologist Walter Mischel_launched_a classic experiment.He left a succession of 4-year-olds in a room_with_a bell and a marshmallow(药葵蜜饯).If they rang the bell,he would come back and they could eat the marshmallow.

If,_however,they didn’t ring the bell and waited for him to come back_on_his own,they could then have two marshmallows.In videos of the experiment,you can see the children kicking and_hiding_their eyes-desperately trying to exercise_self-control so they can wait and get two marshmallows.Their performance_varied widely.Some broke down and rang the bell within a minute.Others lasted 15 minutes.The children who waited longer went on to get higher SAT scores.They got into better colleges and had,on_average,better adult outcomes.The children who rang the bell_quickest_were more likely to become bullies.They_received_worse teacher and parental evaluations 10 years later and were more likely to have drug_problems_at age 32.The Mischel experiments,along_with everyday experience,tell us that self-control is essential_.Young people who can delay gratification can sit_through_sometimes boring classes to get a degree.They can perform_rote tasks in order to,say,master a language.They can_avoid_drugs and alcohol.For people without self-control skills,however,school is a_series_of failed ordeals.No wonder they drop_out.Life is a parade of foolish decisions:teenage pregnancy,drug use,gambling,truancy and crime.

21,Onward and upward was the course she set.Small progress was no excuse for feeling satisfied with yourself.People who stopped to pat themselves on the back didn’t last long.Even if you got to the top,you‘d better not take it easy.“The bigger they come,th e harder they fall”was one of her favorite maxims.进取、进取、再进取，

这是母亲给我设定的方向。小小的进步是不足以自我满足的。那些因成功而沾沾自喜停下来欣赏自己的人是不会持久的。即使你已经到达顶峰，你也最好不要放松。爬得越高，摔得越痛，是母亲的至理名言。

32,It wasn’t the gin that was shouting.It was my mother.The gin only gave me the courage to announce to them that yes,by God,I had always believed in success,had always believed that without hard work and self-discipline you could never amount to anything,and didn’t deserve to.其实不是杜松子酒在吼，是我的母亲在吼。酒只是借给了我勇气向他们宣布那个想法。是的，上帝可以作证，我一直相信成功，一直相信如果没有辛勤的劳动和严格的自律，一个人不可能有任何成就，也不配有成就。

第三单元

1、Some years ago I had what most would call the American Dream:a thriving construction business,a comfortable home,two new cars and a sailboat.Moreover,I was happpily married.I had it all.几年前，我拥有大多数人称之为美国梦想的东西：一份蒸蒸日上的建筑生意，一个舒适的家，两辆新车和一艘帆船，此外，我婚姻幸福。我拥有这一切。

2、Then the stock market crashed,and suddenly no one was looking at the houses I’d built.Months of murderous interest payment gobbled up my savings.I couldn’t make ends meet and lay awake nights in a cold sweat.Just when I though things c ouldn’t get worse,my wife announced that she wanted a divorce.接着，股市垮了，突然间再没人看我修的那些房子。连续几个月支付要命的利息，耗尽了我的积蓄。我入不敷出，经常彻夜无眠，一身冷汗。就在我认为事情不可能变得更糟的时候，我太太宣布她想离婚。

13、She reeled at the thought of her imminent death,and withdrew.“I just gave up,”she says.Then a doctor told her she needed to arrange for someone to care for her daughter.“How dare you tell me to find someone else to raise my child!”Bracken snapped.At that moment,she realized that she had strong reasons to fight for he life.Her anger,formerly crippling now sparked her.It helped see her through a harrowing,but ultimately successful,bone-marrow transplant.一想到死亡即将来临，她就感到心绪不宁，屈服了。我完全放弃了，她说。后来一个医生告诉她说她需要安排人照料她的女狼。“你竟敢让我找别人带大我的小孩！”布赖肯历声说。在那一刻，她意识到有充分的理由去为自己的生命而战。她的愤怒开始时极为有害，现在却鼓舞了她，帮助她渡过了痛彻心肺但最终成功的骨髓移植。

28、Sailing is a slow business.I made it to Florida in five weeks.In attempting to”run away,”I’d embarked on a trip that gave me a structure,a daily outdoor routine requiring physical exertion,and plenty of time.I was still hurting,but by the time I anchored in Miam i,I was ready to try again.At what,I wasn’t sure.航行是个慢活，我用了5周才抵达佛罗里达。原本试图“一走了之”的我踏上一段旅途。这段旅途让我重新组织生活，培养了每天的生活规律，要求付出在户外的体力以及大量的时间。我的心依然在痛，但是等我到达迈阿密时，我已作好再次尝试的准备。尝试什么，我还没确定。

other understand internal teach success mean oneself of apply life external key can lie to divide conduct find derive function Everyone wants to be successful in life,but where are the_keys_to success?When we begin to examine life,we can see

that it is_divided_into two aspects-life within and life without;internal life and external_life—and we can see that these aspects are of equal importance.Even one who has renounced the world has to understand the word relationship properly,because life_itself is actually relationship.The body is related to_the breath,and the breath is related to the mind.The body,breath,senses,and mind all_function_together as a unit.So life virtually means_relationship,and thus the art of living and being requires an understanding_of one’s relationship to the external world and the relationships within oneself_.All human beings have inner potentials,but many people are not aware of_those potentials and do not know how to use them to have a_successful_life.Those who are not happy_internally_can never be happy externally;those who are not happy within themselves can never make others_happy.Those who do not love themselves can_never love others.If we are not happy,how can we be successful in life?Success_lies in our happiness.The keys to happiness lie within us,but our modern education does not teach_us how to find them.It is helpful to have a few formulas to practice in daily life to make it more successful.They are_derived_from observations based on experie nce.There are five points to remember:first,how to decide things on time;second,how t o study personal habit patterns;third,how to_conduct_ourselves in the external world; fourth,what attitude to take;fifth,where to_find_h appiness.To attain success in life,one should learn and apply_these five points.

1Defining who is great depends on how one measures success.对为人的定义取决于人们如何衡量成功。

2“There’s a tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-norm al”he explained.“But what comes out of the research is that there are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes.”“人们往往认为他们具备一些超常非凡的东西，”他解释道。“但研究表明，有的伟人并没有惊人的智力。”3.Greatness is built on tremendous amounts of study,practice and devotion.伟人的伟大建立在大量的学习、实践及其献身精神的基础之上。

4.Thrust into office when his country’s morale was at the lowest,Churchill rose b rilliantly to lead the British people.丘吉尔在全国上下士气最为低落的时候被推上台，并出色地领导了英国人民。

5.In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940,he inspired the nation when he said,“We shall not flag or fail.We shall go on to the end...We shall nev er surrender.”

在1940年盟军敦刻尔克大撤退之后的一次讲演中，他的话激励了全国人民，“我们一定不会衰退、失败。我们将坚持到底……我们永远不会屈服。”

The greatest results in life are usually attained by simple means,and the exercise of ordinary qualities.The common life of every day,with its cares,necessities,and dutie s,affords ample opportunity for acquiring experience of the best kind;and its most beat en paths provide the true worker with abundant scope for effort and room for self-imp rovement.The road of human welfare lies along the old highway of steadfast well-doi ng;and they who are the most persistent,and work in the truest spirit,will usually be th e most successful.

Fortune has often been blamed for her blindness;but fortune is not so blind as me

n are.Those who look into practical life will find that fortune is usually on the side of t he industrious,as the winds and waves are on the side of the best navigators.In the pur suit of even the highest of human inquiry,the commoner qualities are found the most u seful—such as common sense,attention,application,and perseverance.Genius may not be necessary,though even genius of the highest sort does not disdain the use of these o rdinary qualities.The very greatest men have been among the least believers in the po wer of genius,and as worldly wise and persevering as successful men of the commone r sort.Some have even defined genius to be only common sense intensified.A distingui shed teacher and president of a college spoke of it as the power of making efforts.John Foster held it to be the power of lighting one’s own fire.Buffon said of genius,“It is p atience.”

Newton’s was unquestionably a mind of the very highest order,and yet,when ask ed by what means he had worked out his extraordinary discoveries,he modestly answe red,“by always thinking unto them.”At another time he thus expressed his method of s tudy:“I keep the subject continually before me,and wait till the first dawning open slo wly by little and little into a full and clear light.”It was in Newton’s case,as in every ot her,only by diligent application and perseverance that his great reputation was achieve d.Even his recreation consisted in change of study,laying down one subject to take up another.To Dr.Bentley he said:“If I have done the public any service,it is due to nothin g but industry and patient thought.”

人生最大的成就通常是靠简单的方法和运用一般的才干才获得的。普通的日常生活以及其中的忧虑、各种不可避免之事和种种职责提供了取得最好经验的很多机会；生活中走过最多的老路给诚实的工作者以充分努力的机会和自我修养的空间。人类安康之路就是坚定不移沿着做好事的大道前进；那些最坚毅而又最诚挚地工作的人常常是最成功的人。

人们经常指责运气是盲目的；但是运气并不像人那样盲目。那些观察实际生活的人会发现运气通常与勤劳相伴，正如风浪为最优秀的航海家助力一样。即便是在人类对最高深学科的探索中，也能发现一些较为普通的素质是最有用的。这些素质包括尝试、专心、勤奋和坚持不懈。

天赋或许不一定非要不可，即使是天分极高的人也不会轻视使用一些普通才能。最伟大的任务一向是最不相信天赋力量的人。他们像普通成功者一样，善于处事，坚忍不拔。他们中有些人甚至将天赋解释为不过是增强了的常识罢了。一位杰出的教师兼大学校长曾将天赋说成是努力的动力。约翰?福斯特则认为天赋是点燃自己热情的动力。布冯在谈到天才时说：“天赋就是耐心。”

牛顿的头脑无疑是最高才智的代表，然而当问到他是用什么方法获得惊人的发现时，牛顿谦虚地回答：“全靠对那些问题的不断深思。”在另一次，他这样表述自己的研究方法：“我连续不断地思考问题，一直等到最初的曙光慢慢出现，一点一点地逐步发展成为一片明晰的亮光。”牛顿的情况和其他每个人一样，靠的是孜孜不倦的努力和坚持不懈的精神获得崇高的声望。就连他的消遣也只是研究兴趣的变换：放下一个研究项目，马上又拿起另一个。他曾对本特利博士这样说过：“如果说我对社会有什么贡献的话，那完全归功于勤奋和耐心思考。”

Hence,a great point to be aimed at is to get the working quality well trained.Whe n that is done,the race will be found comparatively easy.We must repeat and again rep eat;facility will come with labor.Not even the simplest art can be accomplished witho

ut it;and what difficulties it is found capable of achieving!It was by early discipline an d repetition that Sir Robert Peel（罗伯特.皮尔爵士）cultivated those remarkable,though still mediocre powers,which rendered him so illust rious an ornament of the British Senate.

因此，（如果）心中有宏大的目标（首先）就要练好工作本领。当本领练好了，就会发现（工作的）竞争相对来说就比较容易了。我们必须百炼成钢；熟能生巧。没有这一点，即使最简单的工艺也不能完成；掌握了这一点，就会发现无论多么困难都能取得成功！罗伯特皮尔爵士就是靠早期的训练和重复培养了非凡卓越（的能力），尽管只是普通之才，（这些才能）也使他为英国参议院增辉不少。

To wait patiently,however,men must work cheerfully.Cheerfulness is an excellent working quality,imparting great elasticity（开朗）to the character.Cheerfulness and diligence are nine-tenths of practical wisdom.They a re the life and soul of success,as well as of happiness;perhaps the very highest pleasur e in life consisting in clear,brisk,conscious working;energy,confidence,and every other good quality mainly depending upon it.

然而，要想耐心地等待，人们必须愉快地工作。愉快是一种极好的工作品质，赋予人们十分开朗的心情。愉快和勤奋几乎就是实用智慧的全部。两者不仅是幸福的关键，也是成功的精髓；或许人生最大的乐趣就在于清晰、轻快、自觉地工作；活力、自信及其他好的品质也都依赖于愉快和勤奋的工作态度。

第四单元

2、It is,of course,un-American to think in terms of fools and knaves.We do,however,seem to be dedicated to the idea of buying our way to happiness.We shall all have made it to heaven when we possess enough.当然用傻子、骗子这样的字眼来形容是不合美国的人的风俗习惯的，然后我们似乎确实沉溺于用金钱购买幸福的想法：只要有足够的钱，我们百年后就能上天堂。

7、The idea“happiness,”to be sure,will not sit still for easy definition:the best one can do is to try to set some extremes to the idea and then work in toward the middle.To think of happiness as acquisitive and competitive will do to set the materialistic extreme.To think of it as the idea one senses in,say,a holy man of India will do to set the spiritual extreme.The holy man’s idea of happiness is in needing nothing from outside himself.In wanting nothing,he lacks nothing.He sits immobile,rapt in contemplation,free even of his own body.Or nearly free of it.If devout admirers bring him food he eats it;if not,he starves indifferently.Why beconcerned?What is physical is an illusion to him.Contemplation is his joy and he achieves it through afantastically demanding discipline,the accomplishment of which is itself a joy within him.诚然，给“幸福”这一概念下定义远非易事：最好是尽量为这一概念确立一些极限，然后将两者折中。将幸福视为物质上的拥有和相互攀比，这就确立了其物质上的极限。将其视为一个人（比如印度的圣人）所感知的信念，则是确立了其精神上的极限。圣人的幸福是无需身外之物。无欲则无求。他静坐不动，陷入冥思，甚至脱离或者说近乎脱离自己的肉体。如果有虔诚的信徒带来食物，他硬听；如果没有，他便淡然地饿着。有什么好牵挂的呢？对他而言，物质世界只是虚幻。宴想是他的极乐，而他通过修行来实现。这种修行要求之高，让人难以置信，其完成本身就是他内心的一种极乐。

13、The buyers and sellers at the happiness-market seem too often to have lost their sense of the pleasure of difficulty.Heaven knows what they are playing,but it seems a dull game.And the Indian holy man seems dull to us,I suppose,because he seems to be refusing to play anyting at all.The Western weakness may be in the illusion that happiness can be bought.Perhaps the Eastern weakness is in the idea that there is such a thing as perfect(therefore static)happiness.幸福市场上的买卖双方似乎大都体会不到挑战困难的乐趣。天知道他们在玩些什么，但似乎不外乎那些无聊的游戏。我猜印度的圣人在我们看来有些无聊，因为他似乎拒绝玩任何游戏。西方人的弱点在于他们幻想幸福可以买到。或许东方人的弱点在于他们认为存在产丰一种完美的（因而也是静止的）幸福。

14、Happiness is never more than partial.There are no pure states of mankind.Whatever else happiness may be,it is neither in having nor in being,but in becoming.What the Founding Fathers declared for us as inherent right,we should do well to remember,was not happiness but the pursuit of happiness market,is the cardinal fact that happiness is in the pursuit itself,in the meaningful pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing,which is to say,in the idea of becoming.A nation is not measured by what it possesses or wants to possess,but by what it wants to become.从来就没有过完美的幸福。人类社会不存在尽善尽美。无论人们怎样界定何谓幸福，它既不在于拥有也不在于实现，而在于追求的过程。我们应该牢记：开国元勋们为我们所宣布的与生俱来的权利，不是享受幸福而是追求幸福。假如他们当初预见到现在出现的幸福市场，他们就会强调指出这样一个基本事实：幸福在于为之奋斗的过程，在于我们终生为之努力并从中获得启迪的事业，也就是说在于追求。对于一个民族的评价不是看它拥有什么或是幸福拥有什么，而是看它想要追求什么。

Happiness is basically a state of mind.Happiness depends more_on one’s disposi tion and outlook.Only by_connecting to your real identity,deeper than merely the bod y and mind_,can one reach real happiness because that is where such happiness is alw ays_found_.In this way,very little is needed to have a happy life.It is all within_yours elf_.Thus,we can attain a state of being satisfied_with_what we have without being an xious to attain all our temporal desires,without worrying_about the future,and withou t concerning ourselves with_unnecessary_hopes and fears.When you are really and n aturally happy from within,everything_else that you accomplish can be viewed as ici ng on the cake,an extra sweetness to life.But such external activities are not where tru e happiness_lies_.

The only_reason_why people cannot attain their inward spiritual bliss right here and now is because they put too much_focus_on their external situation and what they feel they need and how to get it.Or they focus on the problems_that they think they h ave.Actually,what people need to be happy is_right_inside them,at all times,_regardl ess_of whatever trials and challenges may happen outside and_around_them.As I’ve always said,it is not what happens_to you,but it is how you perceive it and how you_ react_or respond to it that makes the difference.We have to understand that happiness and distress is a constant flow in material_life_.We are affected by it only_i f we identi fy with it.One has to learn to rise above that by connecting with your true self,or highe r self.So how do we do that?

1.It’s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved,the comp any of friends,the freedom to live where we please,and even good health.

我们可以从爱和被爱中感到快乐，从朋友的相伴中感到愉快，为能随意到处居留而感到喜悦，甚至会为了身体健康而高兴，可是这些快乐很容易被忽视。

2.We,on the other hand,with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in ev ery area,have turned happiness into one more thing we“gotta have.”

另一方面，由于我们有许多选择并想在各个领域获得成功的压力，我们把幸福变成了我们“必须得到”的另外一种东西。

3.So we chase it and equate it with wealth and success,without noticing that peop le who have those things aren’t necessarily happier.

所以我们追求幸福，将幸福与财富和成功等同起来，没有注意到拥有这一切的人不一定更幸福。

4.Happiness isn’t about what happens to us—it’s about how we perceive what ha ppens to us.It’s the knack of finding a positive for every negative,and viewing a setbac k as a challenge.

幸福不在于我们周围所发生的一切，而在于我们如何去看待我们周围所发生着的一切事情。这是一种从不利中找到有利，将挫折看作是激励的诀窍。

5.It’s not wishing for what we don’t have,but cherishing what we do possess.幸福并不是时时去盼望得到我们所没有的，而是要珍惜我们拥有的！

1.During the mid-1980s my family and I spent a sabbatical year in the historic to wn of St.Andrews,https://www.docsj.com/doc/9e4848553.html,paring life there with life in America,we were impres sed by a seeming disconnection between national wealth and well-being.To most Ame ricans,Scottish life would have seemed Spartan.Incomes were about half that in the U. S.Among families in the Kingdom of Fife surrounding St.Andrews,44 percent did not own a car,and we never met a family that owned two.Central heating in this place not far south of Iceland was,at that time,still a luxury.

20世纪90年代中期，我和家人在苏格兰历史名城圣安德鲁斯度过了一年的公休假期。我们印象特别深的是，把那里的生活和美国的生活相比，国家的富裕和人民的康乐似乎毫无联系。对于大多数美国人来说，苏格兰人的生活看起来非常简朴。他们的收人大概只有美国人的一半。在苏格兰，44%的家庭都没有汽车，而且我们从来没有见过哪个家庭拥有两辆汽车。在这个距冰岛南部并不远的地方，中央供暖在当时仍然是很奢侈的。

2.In hundreds of conversations during our year there and during three half-summ er stays since,we repeatedly noticed that,despite their simpler living,the Scots appeare d no less joyful than Americans.We heard complaints about Margaret Thatcher,but ne ver about being underpaid or unable to afford wants.With less money there was no les s satisfaction with living,no less warmth of spirit,no less pleasure in one another's com pany.

那一年之后，我们又3次重返旧地，每次都会在那里待上半个夏天。在此期间的与当地人的数百次交谈中，我们一次又一次注意到，尽管苏格兰人生活简朴，但是他们的快乐看来毫不逊于美国人。我们也曾听到针对首相玛格丽特·撒切尔的抱怨，但诸如工资太低、买不起所需品之类的事却不得而闻。虽然钱挣得少一些，但是人们并不缺少生活的满足、精神的温暖和心灵的契合。

12.On a smaller scare,a jump in our income can boost our

morale,for awhile."But in the long run,"notes Inglehart,"neither an ice cream cone nor a new car nor becoming rich and famous produces the same feelings of delight that it initially did...Happiness is not the result of being rich,but a temporary consequence of having recently become richer."(9)Ed Diener's research confirms that those whose inc omes have increased over a 10-year period are not happier than those whose income h as not increased.Wealth,it therefore seems,is like health:Although its utter absence can breed misery,having it does not guarantee happiness.Happiness is less a matter of gett ing what we want than of wanting what we have.

往长远看，薪水的增长可以暂时振奋我们的工作士气，但英格勒哈特指出:“从长远看，一份蛋卷冰激凌，或是一辆新车，或是出名致富，都不能带来最初的那种快乐感受……快乐并非富裕之结果，而是刚刚变富后带来的短暂效应。”艾德·迪纳尔的研究同样证明，那些10年间加过薪的人并不比那些没有加薪的人更快乐。因此，财富看来如同健康一样:没有钱可能酿成痛苦，但有了它并不等于拥有了快乐。与其说幸福在于得到我们想要的，还不如说幸福在于珍惜我们已有的。

第五单元

3、I frankly wonder whether the appliance manufacturers,with all due respect,have been smoking crack.I mean,did they ever stop to ask themselves why a consumer,after loading a dishwasher,would go to the office to start it?Would there be some kind of career benefit?恕我直言，我满怀敬意地想知道电器制造商们是不是晕了头。我的意思是他们是否该停下来问问自己：为什么消费者把碗碟放进洗碗机后，要跑到办公室去启动它？难道这样可以在职场上获益吗？

第六单元

3、To hold this opinion,however is little short of treason in America.A boy or girl who leaves college is branded a failure-and the right to fail is one of the few freedoms that this country does not grant its citizens.The American dream is a dream of“getting ahead,”painted in strokes of gold wherever we look.Our advertisements and TV commercials are a hymn to material success,our magazine articles a toast to people who made it to the top.Smoke the right cigarette or drive the right car-so the ads imply-and the girls will be swooning into your deodorized arms or caressing your expensive lapels Happiness goes to the man who has sweet smell of achievement.He is our national idol,and everybody else is our national fink.然而在美国，持有这种观点差不多就是背叛。中途退学的孩子们被指称为失败者—失败的权利是美国政府没有赋予国民的少数几个自由之一。美国之梦是“成功”之梦，凡是我们放眼之处都是一片金光灿烂。宣传广告和电视广告歌颂物质方面的成功，杂志文章赞誉获得此类成功的人。广告暗示你：吸适合你身份的烟、开适合你身份的车，女孩们就会陶醉在你那没有异味的怀抱之中，抚摸你那昂贵的衣领。幸福只青睐那些散发出成功的甜蜜气味的人。他是全体国民的偶像，其他所有人则是国家的蛀虫。

12、Today’s younger generation seems to know that this is true,s eems willing to take the risks in life that artists take in art.“Society,”needless to say,still has the upper hand-it sets the goals and condemns as a failure everybody who won’t play.But the dropouts and the hippies are not as afraid of failure as their parents and grandparents.This could mean,as their elders might say,that they are just plumb lazy,secure in the comforts of an affluent state,It could also mean,however,that they

just don’t buy the old standards of success and are rapidly writing new ones.

如今的年轻一代似乎知道这是真实的，似乎愿意像艺术家在艺术中冒险一样在生活中冒险。不用说，社会仍占上风—它为人们设定目标，谴责那些不参与的人是失败者。但是中途退出者和嬉皮士们并不像他们的父母和祖父母们那样害怕成为失败者。正如他们的长辈们所说，这或许意味着他们懒惰，无忧无虑地生活在一个富足的国度。然而，这也许同样竟味着他们对过时的成功标准不以为然，而在尽快创造新的标准。

14,Who is to say,then,if there is any right path to the top,or even to say what the top consists of?Obviously the colleges don’t have more than a partial answer-otherwise the young would not be so disaffected with an education that they consider vapid.Obviously business not have the answer-otherwise the young would not be so scornful of its call to be an organization man.

那么，谁能说清是否有通向巅峰的正确道路，或者甚至能说巅峰到底包含了什么呢？很明显大学只能提供部分的答案—要不然年青人也不会对教育不满，认为它如此枯燥乏味。很明显商业中也不曾有答案—要不上青人也不会地应聘成为公司总裁一员如此不屑一顾。

15、The fact is,nobody has the answer,and the dawning awareness of this fact seems to me one of the best things happening in America today.Success and failure are again becoming individual visions,as they were when the country was younger,not rigid categories.Maybe we are learning again to cherish this right of every person to succeed on his own terms and to fail as often as necessary along the way.事实上，没有人能够回答。对我来说，当今美国发生的最美好的事情之一莫过于人们开始觉醒认识到这一事实，就像在建国之初的年代一样，成功之与失败再次成为个人的理解，而不是僵化的范畴。也许，我们正在重新学会珍惜每个人用他自己的方式成功，并在这条道路上尽情失败的权利。

A powerful personal growth tool is the 30-day trial.This is a concept I borrowed from the shareware industry,where you can download a trial version of a piece of soft ware and try it out risk-free for 30 days before you’re required to buy the full version .It’s also a great way to develop new habits,and best of all,it’s brain-dead simple.

Let’s say you want to start a new habit like an exercise program or quit a bad ha bit like sucking on cancer sticks.We all know that getting started and sticking with th e new habit for a few weeks is the hard part.Once you’ve overcome inert ia,it’s much e asier to keep going.

Yet we often psyche ourselves out of getting started by mentally thinking about the change as something permanent before we’ve even begun.It seems too overwhelming to think about making a big cha nge and sticking with it every day for the rest of your life when you’re still habituated to doing the opposite.The more you think about the change as something permanent,t he more you stay out.But what if you thought about making the change only tempora rily-say for 30 days--and then you’re free to go back to your old habits?That doesn’t seem so hard anymore.Exercise daily for just 30 days,then quit.Maintain a neatly org anized desk for 30 days,then slack off.Read for an hour a day for 30 days,then go bac k to watching TV.

Could you do it?It still requires a bit of discipline and commitment,but not nearl

y so much as making a permanent change.Any perceived deprivation is only tempora ry.You can count down the days to freedom.And for at least 30 days,you’ll gain some benefit.It’s not so bad.You can handle it.It’s only one month out of your life.

To hold this opinion,however,is little short of treason in America.A boy or girl w ho leaves college is branded a failure—and the right to fail is one of the few freedoms that this country does not grant its citizens.The American dream of“getting ahead”,pa inted in strokes of gold wherever we look.Our advertisements and TV commercials ar e a hymn to material success,our magazine articles a toast to people who made it to th e top.Smoke the right cigarette or drive the right cat---so the ads imply---and the girls will be swooning into your deodorized arms or caressing your expensive lapels.Happi ness goes to the man who has the sweet smell of achievement.He is our national idol,a nd everybody else is our national fink.(Para.3)

然而在美国,持有这种观点差不多就是背叛.中途离开学校的孩子们被丑化成失败者---失败的权利是美国政府没有赋予国民的少数几个自由之一.美国之梦是”成功”之梦,凡是我们放眼之处都是一片金光灿烂.宣传广告和电视广告歌颂物质方面的成功,杂志文章赞誉获得此类成功的人.广告暗示你:吸适合你身份的烟、开适合你身份的车，女孩们就会陶醉在你那没有异味的怀抱之中，抚摸你那昂贵的衣领。幸福只青睐那些散发出成功的甜蜜气味的人。他是全体国民的偶像，其他所有人则是国家的蛀虫。

第七单元

1、The United States is becoming an increasingly fatherless society.A generation ago,a child could reasonably expect to grow up with his or her father.Today,a child can reasonably expect not to.Fatherlessness is approaching a rough parity with fatherhood as a defining feature of childhood.美国正日益成为一个父爱缺失的社会。上一代的儿童能理所当然地期待与父亲一起生活。今天的儿童可以理所当然地期待不这样的生活。父爱缺失几科和父爱一样，正在成了童年生活的一大特征。

2、This astonishing fact is reflected in many statistics,but here are the two most important:Tonight,about 40 percent of U.S.children will go to sleep in likely to spend a significant portion of childhood living apart from their fathers.Never before in this country have so many children been voluntarily abandoned by their fathers.Never before have so many children grown up without knowing what it means to have a father.

很多数据都反映出这一令人吃惊的现象，但最重要的两个数据是：今夜约有40%的美国孩子将在没有父亲的房里入睡。一半多的孩子可能在童年时期有相当一部分的时间是与父亲分开过的。这个国家从来没有如此多的儿童被他们的父亲主动抛弃。从来没有如此多的孩子在其成长过程中不知道拥有父亲意味着什么。

3、Fatherlessness is the most harmful demographic trend of this generation.It is the leading cause of the decline in the well-being of children.It is also the engine driving our most urgent social problems,from crime to adolescent pregnancy to domestic violence.Yet,despite its scale and social consequences,fatherlessness is frequently ignored or denied.Especially within our elite discourse,it remains a problem with no name.关于这一代人的人口统计显示出的倾向中，父爱缺失是最糟的一项。它是儿童生活幸福度下降的罪魁祸首，也是产生犯罪、青少年怀孕、家庭暴力等严重社会问题目的根源。然而尽管父爱缺失这一问题普遍存在且后果

严重，却经常被忽略被否认。尤其是在我们的精英话语中，父爱缺失仍是一个未被清楚地认识到的问题。

4、Surely a crisis of this scale merits a name and a response.At a minimum,it requires a serious debate.Why is fatherhood declining?What can be done about it?Can our society find ways to invigorate effective fatherhood as a norm of male behavior?Yet,to date,our pubulic discussion has been remarkably weak and defeatist.There is a prevailing belief that not much can or even should be done to reverse the trend.对于如此规模的危机问题当然应该认识清楚并做出反应。至少要加以认真讨论：为什么为父之道会沦丧？针对这一问题有何对策？我们的社会能否找到办法，促使男性都能尽到为父之责？然而到目前为止，公众在这一问题上的声音还很微弱，没有成效。普遍的看法是我们无法甚至不应该去改变这一趋势。

12、The states could hardly be higher.Our society’s conspicuous failure to sustain norms of fatherhood reveals a failure of collective memory and a collapse of moral imagination.It undermines families,neglects children,causes or aggravates our worst social problems and makes individual adult happiness,both female and male,harder to achieve.父道沦丧所带来的危险非常之在。我们的社会不能维系身为人父的准则这个明显的失败，反映了集体记忆的失败和道德想象力的崩溃。它使家庭遭到破坏，孩子受到忽视，还造成或恶化了最严重的社会问题，并且让个体成年人的幸福—包括男性和女性—更加难以实现。

The most marked characteristic of families since the 1960s has been that the traditional conception of the British family has disintegrated.The married couple_with 2.4 children is disappearing.The sequence_of life events-marriage,sex and children-has been radically reordered.Marriage rarely_comes first and increasingly_d oes not happen at all.

The most dramatic_change,however,has been to the“happy ever after”bit in the picture of family life.In the past 30 years,the rate of divorce has doubled;and half of all children now_experience__their parents’divorce befo re they are 16.

All four trends-cohabitation,divorce,births outside marriage_and single parents are_likely_to be even more pronounced by 2020.There is no_evidence_that any of them are easing.

Much has been made of the_fact_that the divorce rate appears to have reached a plateau but it is still rising in first marriages.Cohabitation arrangements are even more likely to_break_down than marriages.So what will be accepted as a general_rule_of family life in 2020 will be the brittle nature of the core relationship between the parents.

“There have been 20 years of dramatic change and the diversity_of family structures is much greater.The proportion_of single-parent families will probably continue to bob around 20%,but there will probably be more stepfamily_i n the future,”says David Utting of the Joseph Rowntree Foundation,who is also one of the authors of The Handbook of Parenting. The diversity of family forms will be striking by 2020.Children living with both their biology parents in the same household_will be in the minority.There will be dozens of different types of co-parenting arrangements,with combinations of stepfamilies,or adults with children from previous relationships entering long-term relationships with others in the same position but

choosing not to live together.

第十单元

Students are getting better and better at cheating,and it’s time for college faculty and administrators to do something about it.The latest scandal to rock the academic w orld happened last month at the University of Maryland,where 12 students in the unde rgraduate business school were accused of using their cell phones and PDAs to cheat on an exam.

Academic cheating has been around ever since the first time a student successfull y stole an answer key,or took someone else’s intellectual property and put their own name on it.What’s new is how easily students are exploiting technology to get the rig ht answers–or produce the perfect essay–without their professors suspecting a thing.

Whether or not it is always acknowledged,students and professors often stand on opposite sides of a digital divide.The current generation of college kids has grown up on instant communication in the form of computers,the Internet and cell phones.They adapt quickly to new technology.Most professors,however,are constantly playing a c atch-up game when it comes to technological gadgets.Sending signals with pencil-tap ping or hand gestures used to be the most sophisticated way students could cheat on e xams in the classroom.They could also steal answer keys and memorize them in adva nce,or write answers on small pieces of paper and sneak them into the exam room.No w,students have many more options,thanks to the explosion of technology in the past decade.Students can store information on their calculators and access them discreetly during-tests––making it more difficult for watchful exam proctors to detect cheating.

The creation of committees to prevent hi-tech academic fraud would help make professors aware of such cheating tools and help college campuses bridge the digital divide between faculty and students.In the meantime,professors and students should w ork hard to prevent a repeat of what happened at the University of Maryland.

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阅读理解 专题一广告信息类 2018年 Passage 1 2018全国卷Ⅰ，6分话题：骑自行车在华盛顿特区观光词数：274 Washington,D.C. Bicycle Tours Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. Duration:3 hours This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C. Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom. Reserve your spot before availability —and the cherry blossoms — disappear! Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour Duration:3 hours(4 miles) Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, D.C. Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop. Guided tour includes bike, helmet, cookies and bottled water. Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. Duration:3 hours Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D.C. newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington, D.C. in a healthy way with minimum effort. Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks. Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route(路线) make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour Duration:3 hours(7 miles) Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D.C. Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall. Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history. Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights. 1. Which tour do you need to book in advance? A. Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. B. Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour. C. Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C. D. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour. 2. What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour? A. Meet famous people. B. Go to a national park. C. Visit well-known museums. D. Enjoy interesting stories. 3. Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide? A. City maps. B. Cameras. C. Meals.