英美概况总结
英美概况总结
1.Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors except __D ___. 英国之所以能成为世界上最早开始工业化的国家,原因有很多。但英国是从17 世纪以后逐步开始对海外贸易和开拓海外殖民地产生浓厚兴趣的。A Britain was well placed ge ographically to participate in European and world trade. B Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport. C British engineers had sound training and the inventors were respected. D British government was increasingly interested in overseas and colonies after the 17th century.
2.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The monarch has very little power. 英国是君主立宪制国家，国王或女王（君主）几乎没什么实质性的权力。
3.the Conservative Party has always had strong links with the trade unions and received fi nancial support from them? 保守党和自由党是英国最早成立的两个党派。大致来说，保守党是中上层阶级的党，它得到大公司财政上的支持；而工党主要得到工会的支持，它的支持者主要是中产阶级和知识分子。
4.On accepting Bill of Rights, the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with po wers limited by Parliament, began. 《权利法案》的签署，标志着英国进入了君主立宪制时代，一个君主几乎没有什么实质性权力并受制于议会的时代。
5.Females were allowed to vote in national elections until 1918. 直到1918 年妇女才在全国大选中享有选举权。
6.The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a domain. 《1867 年英国北美法案》将加拿大纳为它的自治领。
7.During World War II, as a war leader,Winston Churchill received massive popular suppo rt and led his country to final victory in 1945. 在第二次世界大战中，当时的英国首相丘吉尔作为战争统帅受到了英国人民的广泛拥戴，并带领英国人民赢得了战争的最后胜利。8.The Falkland Islands war was between Britain and Argentina. 福克兰群岛战役是发生在英国和阿根廷着这两个国家之间。位于大西洋南部的福克兰群岛从1892 年起就是英国的海外殖民地，1982 年阿根廷开始控制这些岛屿，但是英国最终打败了阿根廷，并重新占领了这些岛屿。
9.In Britain, a by-election is held when a Member of Parliament dies, retires or resigns. 英国的下院议会成员中有人去世、退休或辞职时，就要进行补缺选举。
10.In the United Kingdom, ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.在英国，部长们是由首相推荐，女王加以任命的。
11.There are 651 members in the House of Commons. 下议院共有651 名议员。
12.Which of the following people didn’t use to be the British Prime Minister? A.Margaret Thatcher B.Winston Churchill C.Horatio Nelson
(c)
D.John Major
撒切尔夫人，丘吉尔和梅杰都曾经做过英国首相；而纳尔逊（1758-1805），英国海军统帅，因作战负伤，右眼失明，失去右臂。后任地中海舰队司令，在特法尔加角海战中大败西班牙联合舰队，本人受重伤阵亡，号称Viscount Nelson。13.By tradition, the leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister by the Sovereign in the United Kingdom. 在英国，按照传统，多数党的领导人由君主任命为首相，首相从本党内部挑选一些领导人担任各部部长职位。
14.The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party, which still bears this nickna
me today. 托利党是英国保守党的前身。
15.In the United Kingdom, the party which wins the second largest number of seats in th
e House o
f Commons becomes the official Opposition. 在英国，在下议院中赢得第二席位的政党为反对党，它也有它自己的领导和影子内阁（shadow cabinet）。
16.The term “British disease” is now often used to characterize Britain’s economic decline.现在“英国病”这一术语经常用来指英国经济上的衰退。
17.The 1980s was remembered as the decade of privatization. 正如20 世纪40 年代被看作是国有化的时代一样，20 世纪80 年代被看作是私有化的时代。包括英国石油、航空、钢铁、电讯在内的几乎40% 的国有公司实现了私有化。
18.Today, in Britain，coal mining is called a “sick” industry. 英国煤矿业被称为生病工业。英国的煤产量在一战前达到顶点，如今的英国的煤矿业衰退，从而导致矿工的数量、煤矿的总产量大大下降。
19.The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17th centu ry, and the Scottish inventor James Watt modified and improved the design in 1765. 第一台蒸汽机是Thomas Newcomer 在17 世纪末设计的，后来苏格兰发明家瓦特在1765 年对原有的设计进行了改进提高，生产出了第一台高效的蒸汽机并应用到纺织和其他机械业中。
20.The Industrial Revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it late r led to trade unionism. 工业革命产生了工人阶级，即无产阶级。后来形成了工会制度。21.Cotton Textile is the key to Industrial Revolution. 纺织业的改革是英国工业革命的主要成就之一。
22.Romanticism became a literary current during the period of the successful Industrial Re volution. 工业革命时期的主要文学流派是浪漫主义。
23.Modern football game began in England. 现代的足球运动起源于英国。其正宗的老家在英格兰，19 世纪兴起。
24.Prime Minister is the leader of the British government. 英国的政体是君主立宪制。国王（女王）是国家元首，但政府的首领为首相。
25.The second largest city in England,Birmingham, is a metropolitan district and an indust rial and manufacturing city. 英国的第二大城市伯明翰位于英格兰中部平原，是国际化大都市，也是英国的工业和制造业中心。
26.The Romans introduced Christianity into Britain. 公元43 年，罗马人占领英国，其后统治了400 多年。基督徒就是在这一时期由罗马人传入英国的。
27.The real power of the British government lies in the cabinet headed by the Prime Mini ster. 君主立宪制下，国王的作用更侧重于其象征意义，而实权为内阁所有，内阁由首相率领。
28.In Britain, education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 to 16. 英国的教育体系中的义务教育阶段是5-16 岁，这是每一位学生在学校学习的最低年限。
29.The longest river in Britain is the Severn River, and the largest river in the USA is th
e Mississippi. 英国最长的河是塞文河，全长355 公里，美国最长的河是密西西比河，长4000 公里左右。
30.The general election in Britain is held every five years. 英国大选每5 年举行一次。
31.Which of the following tribes first came to Britain? A Roman B Anglo-Saxons C Jutes
D Celts
(D)
凯尔特在公元前700 年到英国，罗马人在公元 1 到5 世纪统治英国，5 世纪中期盎格鲁撒克逊人侵占英国，因此凯尔特人是最早踏入英国的。32.The Hundred Years’ War betwe en Britain and France was fought from 1337 to 1453. 英法百年战争爆发于1337 年到14 53 年间，中间还发生了黑死病。
33.The Republic of Ireland became independent in the year 1949.爱尔兰共和国在1949 年独立。
34.The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution.英国内战于1642 年到164 6 年间发生，国王查尔斯与议会发生争执，实际上是国王与清教徒之间的矛盾引起的，结果议会胜利。
35.Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and t he North Sea in the east, 英国南面与法国隔着英吉利海峡。
36.The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh.英国最大的湖是内伊湖，最长的河流是塞文河。
37.The majority of people in Scotland live in the central Lowlands? 苏格兰中低部适合人类生存，是苏格兰工业和人高度集中的地区。
38.In Britain only about 2% of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of the la nd area. 由于英国农作业时的高度机械化，只需利用全国2%的人口来耕作大面积农地。
39.The two important crops in Britain are wheat and barley.小麦和大麦是英国最重要的庄稼。
40.In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can legally receive completely free educati on. 英国的义务教育是从5 岁到16 岁，所以期间的教育全部免费。41.Which of the foll owing is the British oldest daily newspaper? (D) A The Telegraph B The Guardian C The News of the World 英国历史上最悠久的日报是《泰晤士报》。D The Times
42.The river Thames is in England.泰晤士河位于英格兰。
43.The Industrial Revolution started in the Great Britain. 工业革命最早从英国开始。
44.Which of the following is true under Thatcher’s administration? (C) A The proportion of owner-occupation decreased. B Public housing became more important. C Many public houses were sold to people. D The UK became more European-like in its housing arrange ment. 1979 年撒切尔夫人成为英国第一任女首相。她提出的政策称被为“撒切尔主义” 。其内容包括国有企业私有化，采用货币主义政策以控制通货膨胀，削弱工会的影响，加强市场因素在经济中的作用，将公有住房卖给公众，强调法律和秩序。在一定程度上讲，她的计划是成功的。她领导英国经济度过了一段最繁华的时期。
45.Britain has its nuclear naval force s ince it’s a traditional sea power. 英国拥有其海军核力量与其一贯的霸主地位是密切相关的。
46.Which of the following is the oldest national Sunday newspaper in Britain? (C) A The Times B The Guardian C The Observer D The Financial Times 《观察家报》创刊于179 1 年，是英国创刊最早的星期日报纸。
47.Big Ben was named after Benjamin Hall. 据说Big Ben 得名于它在1859 年修建时候的建造者Benjamin Hall。
48.The Capital of Wales is Cardiff. 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫。
49. Portsmouth is England’s biggest naval base. 英国最大的海军基地是普茨茅斯。
50.There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative party and the Labour Party. 英国奉行的是两党制。其两大主要政党是保守党和工党。1. Which name is NOT r elated to Britain? (D) A Northern Ireland B Scotland C Wales
D Toronto
2. The news agency Reuters was founded in London. 路透社创建于伦敦。
3. The tower of London, a historical sight, located in the center of London, was built by William the Conqueror. 伦敦塔是1078 年为防止罗马入侵由威廉大帝修建的。
4. The Anglo-Saxon were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England. 英国民族的前身是安格鲁萨克森人。
5. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. 格拉斯格是苏格兰最大的城市和经济中心。
6. In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can legally receive completely free educati on.
英国小孩5—16 岁的教育是免费的。
7. The Industrial Revolution started in the Great Britain. 工业革命起源于英国。
8. Ben Nevis is the name ofBritain’s highest mountain? 本尼维斯山为英国最高峰。9. Th
e United Kingdom is the correct name to use to refer to Britain in a political way. 提起英国，很多人会使用名字“Britain”“England”或“British” ，，但这往往会惹恼苏格兰人，威尔士人以及北爱尔兰人。从政治角度来讲，“the United Kingdom o
f Great Britain and N orthern Ireland”或“the United Kingdom/UK”是英国正确的叫法。“the British Isles”则是地理意义上的名字，包括Great Britain，the whole of Ireland （Northern and Southern），the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man 这些岛屿。
10 Britain has, for centuries , been slowly tilting with the North-West slowly rising and t he South-East slowly sinking.英国几个世纪以来地势一直在缓慢地倾斜，表现为西北部在慢慢上升，而东南部在慢慢下沉，所以英国的西北部为高地。
11. The two areas in Britain where a lot of immigrants live are London and heart of Eng land. 现在，英国移民主要集中在伦敦及英格兰心脏地带的一些城市和城镇，诸如Slough, Leicester, Wolverhampton, Birmingham, Luton, Bradford, Coventry, Bedford 和Reading 等等。
12. The flag of the United Kingdom, known as the Union Jack, is made up of three cros ses. 英国国旗为红白蓝三色的米字旗（也叫“Union Jack”，是由三个十字组成。）
13. Which flower is symbol of England? (D) A Thistle B Shamrock C Daffodil
D Rose
A，蓟是苏格兰的象征，用作苏格兰的国徽；B，三叶苜蓿花为爱尔兰的国花；C，黄水仙花是威尔士的国花；D，玫瑰则是英格兰的国花。
14. Lake District was the home of the Lake Poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor, C oleridge and Robert Southey of 19th century Britain. 位于英格兰西北部和威尔士北部的湖区是英国著名的风景区之一，也是英国十九世纪湖畔诗人聚居的地方。
15. The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians. 最早来英国定居的是伊比利亚人。大约
在公元前3000 年左右，也就是新石器时代，他们从伊比利亚半岛（即今天的西班牙）来到英国。
16. Julius Caesar invaded and conquered Britain for the first time in 55 BC. 英国的历史是从罗马人的入侵开始的。恺撒，这位伟大的罗马将军，在公元前55 年第一次带兵入侵并征服了英国。
17. Which one is not the reason for the very limited influence of Roman to Britain? A T he Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. B The Romans and Britons never intermarry during the 4 centuries C The Romans didn’t like the Britons.
D The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.
(c)
尽管罗马人征服了英国，但是罗马文化对英国的影响十分有限。这主要是因为：罗马人一直把英国人看作是社会地位相当于奴隶的被降伏的民族；在长达四个世纪的时间里从来没有罗马人跟英国人通婚；罗马人对英国平民阶层的语言和文化没有任何影响。18. The Hun dred Years’ war with France ended by the English b eing driven out of France. By 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English. 英法之间的百年战争以英国人被赶出法国而告终。到1453 年战争结束时，只有法国北部的加莱港还在英国人手里。
19. Which war had little effect on ordinary people but gave a death blow to feudalism?
(A) A The Wars of the Roses C The English Civil War B The Hundred Years’ War D W orld War I
尽管玫瑰战争持续了30 年，但对老百姓的生活几乎没什么影响，反倒使英国的封建主义受到致命打击，贵族阶层受到了削弱。20. The English Civil War, also called the Puritan Revolution , is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history. 英国内战也叫“清教徒革命” ，这是因为反对国王的人大部分是那些清教徒。英国内战不仅推翻了英国的封建制度，也动摇了欧洲封建统治的基础。所以，从这个角度讲，英国内战通常被看作现代世界史的开端。
21. Scotland is the home of golf. 高尔夫是一项古老的贵族的运动，源于十五世纪或更早以前的苏格兰，苏格兰地区山多，气候湿润，多雾，非常适合牧草生长，这里的工业文明以前是连绵不断的牧场。相传当时牧羊人放牧闲暇时，用木板玩游戏，将石子击入兔子窝或洞中。
久而久之形成了使用不同的球杆并按一定的规则击球。
22.Which of the follwing languages is NOT spoken in Scotland? A English B Scottish C Gaelic D Denish
(D)
Gaelic 苏格兰盖尔语是高地苏格兰人的传统语言；更多人使用的语言是英语。一直到15 世纪末，盎格鲁人仍然以他们的语言称苏格兰盖尔语为「苏格兰语」（盎格鲁语：Scotti sh）。23.The election of 1979 made Margaret Thatcher to power and she became the fi rst woman prime minister. Margaret Thatcher 在1979 年成为英国首相，为英国史上第一个女首相。
24.To its full sense, the British Parliament consist of the Sovereign, the House of Lords a nd the House of Commons. 具体的说，英国的议会是由元首，上议院和下议院组成。其中，元首没有实权，上议员由大法官（Lord Chancellor）掌权，是由神职议员（the Lord Spiri tual）和世俗议员（the Lord Temporal），下议院的成员是通过选举产生的651 名议员,以首相为首。
25.The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the center of London, was built by William the Conqueror.伦敦塔名为“塔” 实际上是公元11 世纪处于罗马统治时期的一座城堡式建筑。，
26.There are two state churches in Britain. 英国有两大国教：在英格兰是英格兰教（Chu rch of England）或者英国圣公会，在苏格莎白的头衔全称为“托上帝宏恩，大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合国和她的其他领土和领地的女王、英联邦元首、基督教的保护者伊丽莎白二世” 。可见，英女王是基督教的保护者。
27.When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and was succeeded by his son Richard, the regi
me began immediately to collapse. Oliver Cromwell 的儿子在父亲过世后继承王权，但是不久后掌控的政体瓦解。1660 年，议会扶植流浪法国的前国王儿子Charles 二世当国王。28. The twenty-first birthday is a great event in Britain since it marks the beginning of f ull manhood or womanhood.在英国,21 岁生日是个大生日,因为他们认为21 岁是大人开始的年龄。
29.Reuters was founded in 1851. 路透社是世界四大通讯社之一，也是英国创办最早的通讯社。1850 年由保罗·朱利叶斯·路透（paul julius reuter）在德国亚琛创办，1851 年迁址到伦敦。创办人路透原为德国人，后加入英国籍。1865 年，路透把他的私人通讯社扩展成为
一家大公司。
英国文学1. Irony refers to some contrast or discrepancy between appearance and reality. irony 是指“反讽” ，揭示事物表面与真相的差别。
2. Tennyson was recognized as the greatest poet of Victorian England. Aflred Tennyson
被称为维多利亚时代最杰出的英国诗人。他的主要作品为：The Princess，Maud 和短诗Break，Break，Break。
3.James Joyce is the author of all the following novels EXCEPT__C__. A Dubliners B A Potrait of the Artist as a Young Man C Jude the Obscure D Ulysses
Jude the Obscure 是Thomas Hardy 的作品。4.Which of the follwing poets is different f rom the others? A John Donne B John Keats C Lord Byron A
D Percy Bysshe Shelley
除了John Donn 是玄学派诗人外，另外三位为浪漫主义派诗人。5.William Wordsworth is an English _A___. A poet B novelist C playwright D critic William Wordsworth 是英国前浪漫主义诗人。
6.The compiler of A Dictionary of the English Language is Samuel Johnson. Samuel John son（1709-1784）编写的《英语字典》是之后所有英语字典的基石。
7.My Last Duchess is a monologue poem written by Robert Browning. Robert Browning （1812-1889）擅于写独角剧，他的代表作是My Last Duchess 和Meeting at Night。
8. "Beauty is truth, truth beauty" is an epigrammatic line by John Keats. Beauty is truth, truth beauty 是John Keats 的写作宗旨，他用尽毕生精力追求能够表达一切美丽事物的诗篇。
9. Paradise Lost is a masterpiece by John Miltom.《失乐园》和《复乐园》均为John Milt on 作。
10. James Joyce mostly wrote about his hometown Dublin. James Joyce 出生于爱尔兰的首都都柏林，主要作品有：Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man， A Ulysses。故事合集Dubliners。
Land and People
1.The official name of Great Britain is___.
(The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)
2.On the British Isles there were two countries before___.(1918)
3.The Republic of Ireland became independent in the year___.(1949)
4.Of all the four parts of Island in Great Britain ___ is the largest in area. (England)
5.In ___ the British Commonwealth was founded. (1913)
6.The Strait of Dover is only ___ km.wide.(33)
7.On the island of Britain from north to south it runs ___ km and the widest part extends ___ km.(1,000;500)
8.Scotland has an area of ___ sq.km., which makes it rank the second in size.(78,760)
9.The highest mountain in Britain, Ben Nevis, lies in ___.(the Highlands)
10.The longest river in Britain is ___.(the Severn River)
11.The largest lake in Britain is ___.(Lough Neagh)
12.Britain is an island country which lies between latitude ___ to ___ degrees north.(50;60)
13.The prevailing ___ winds or Westerlies blow over the country all the
year.(south-west)
14.In Britain the average rainfall throughout the whole year is over ___ mm.(1,000)
15. The average population density in Britain is ___ people per square kilometer.(237)
16.In Britain ___ of the population is urban and ___ is rural.(90%;10%)
17.The Celts arrived in Britain after ___.(700BC)
18.The ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient ___.(Britons)
https://www.docsj.com/doc/9c2927786.html,s beginning with "M" are ___.(Scottish)
20.Irish,often called Erse, is a form of ___.(Gaelic)
The Oringins of a Nation
1.The first known settles of Britain were ___.(the Iberians)
2.The true Roman occupation began in ___.(43AD)
3.The Hadrians Wall was built during the occupation of ___.(the Romans)
4.The names Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday came from ___.(Druidism)
5.The Witan, the basis of the Privy Council was created by ___.(the Anglo-Saxons)
6.Alfred the Great was the King of ___.(Wessex)
7.Canute was a ___ leader.(Danish)
8.When Edward the Confessor died, the Witan chose ___ as English King.(Harold)
9.In 1066 Harold and his troops fought against William's army on Senlac Field near ___.(Hastings)
10.For nearly ___ years Britain was under the Roman occupation.(400)
The Shaping of the Nation
1."Domesday Book" was compiled during the rule of ___.(William I)
2.When William died in 1087, he left Normandy to ___, and England to ___.(Robert; William Rufus)
3.In Henry's day a jury consisted of ___ men.(12)
4.The Constitutions of Clarendon in 1164 increased the jurisdiction of ___.(the civil courts)
5.The Canterbury Tales was written by ___.(Geoffrey Chaucer)
6.The Murder in the Cathedral is about the martyrdom of ___.(Henry II)
7.Magna Carta was signed in ___ at a conference at ___.(1215;Oxford)
8.According to Magna Carta no tax should be made without the approval of ___.(the King)
9.Led by ___, the barons forced Henry III to accept ___.(Simon de Montfort; the Great Charter)
10.In 1265 Simon summoned the Great and two ___ from each town.(yeomen)
11.Even today the British royal assent to law is still written in ___ "le roil le veut".(English)
12.Under ___ Wales was conquered.(Henry III)
13.The Hundred Year's War lasted from ___ to ___.(1337;1453)
14.The Black Death swept through England in the summer of ___ without warning.(1348)
15.By the end of 14th century the Black Death reduced England's population from 4 million to ___ million.(3)
16.The Peasant Uprising led by John Ball happened in ___.(1381) Transition to the Modern Age
1.The Wars of Roses refereed to the battles between ___ and ___.(the House of York; the HOuse of Lancaster)
2.The Wars of Roses broke out shortly after ___.(the Hundred Year's War)
3.The Wars of Roses broke out in ___ and ended in ___.(1455;1485)
4.The Wars of Roses ended with the failure of ___.(the House of Lancaster)
5.After the Wars of Roses the rule of ___ began.(the Tudors)
6.The last battle of the Wars of Roses was at ___ in 1485.(Bosworth Field)
7.The first king of the Tudors was ___.(Henry VII)
8.In foreign affairs, Henry VIII was aided by ___, Archbishop and Lord Chancellor.(Thomas Wolsey)
9.Henry VIII dissolved all of England's monasteries and nunneries because ___.(they were much more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings)
10. The real change of "the Reformation" came in the day of ___.(Edward VI)
11.___ is remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais.(Mary Tudor)
12.England has been Protestant since the reign of ___, a Protestant Queen.(Elizabeth
I)
13.Elizabeth I was the daughter of ___ and ___.(Henry VIII; Anne Boleyn)
14.The Armada was defeated by England in ___.(1588)
15.Stuarts began with the rule of ___.(James I)
16.The Renaissance began in northern ___ in the early ___ century.(Italy; 14th)
17.The Renaissance was typified by the universal genius of ___.(Leonardo da Vinci)
18.The finest exponents in English Renaissance were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Johnson and ___.(William Shakespeare)
19.___ established blank verse in plays.(Christopher Marlowe)
20.___ influenced greatly the early works of William Shakespeare.(Christopher Marlowe)
21.Which in the following is the tragedy of Shakespeare?(Hamlet)
22.___ created a dream world of mystery and magic which has influenced many later poets, especially the Romantics.(Edmund Spenser)
23.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was engineered by ___.(Guy Fawkes)
24.___ was regarded as the second Magna Carta.(The Petition of Right)
25.___ contained a series of seven laws against the Puritans.(The Clarendon Act)
26.In the Glorious Revolution the Catholic English king, ___ was driven out of England.(James II)
27.After the Glorious Revolution came the Age of ___, a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament.(the Constitutional Monarchy)
28.It was during the reign of ___, the name Great Britain came into being in 1707.(Anne)
The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
1.___ was the forerunner of the Conservative Party.(The Tories)
2.The open field system could be dated back to ___ century.(5th)
3.According to the open field system each year ___ field was left "fallow".(1/3)
4.The open field system lasted till ___ century.(18th)
5.The seed frill was invented by ___.(Jethro Tull)
6.The English king ___ was given the nickname "Farmer George".(George III)
7.The Industrial Revolution began in the late ___ century and ended in early ___ century and it first sprang in ___.(18th;19th;Britain)
8.The Industrial Revolution first started in ___.(textiles)
9.In Britain the real revolution in textiles was in ___.(1770)
10.The spinning jenny was invented by ___.(James Hargreaves)
11.The first steam engine was devised by ___.(Thomas Newcomer)
12.As a result of the Industrial Revolution, Britain was by ___ the "workshop of the world".(1830)
13.The Chartist Movement lasted from ___ to ___.(1836;1848)
14.In ___, the London Working Men's Association was founded.(1836)
15.The Physical Force Chartists was led by ___.(Feargus O'Conour)
16.The Moral Force Chartists was led by___.(William Lovett)
17.During the Chartist Movement ___ petitions were presented to the Parliament.(3)
18.The People's Charter made in 1836 had ___ points.(6)
19.During the Chartist Movement the first petition was presented in ___ and the last was in ___.(1840;1848)
20.Influenced by the French Revolution the British Parliament passed ___ of 1799-1800 to forbid the formation of unions.(the Combination)
21.During the rule of the ___ government, the Trade Union Act of ___ legalized the trade unions and gave financial security.(Liberal;1871)
22.The Independent Labor Party was formed in ___, led by ___.(1893;Keir Hardic)
23.The Labor Party became the opposition for the first time in ___.(1922)
24.English colonial expansion began with the colonization of ___ in
___.(Newfoundland;1583)
25.After the Seven Years, War Canada was ceded to Britain by ___.(The 1763 Treaty of Paris)
26.___ divided Canada into Upper Canada and Lower Canada.(The Canada Act of 1791)
27.Canada was established as a dominion by ___.(The British North America Act of 1867)
28.Australia was first discovered by ___ in the early ___.(Dutch;1600s)
29.In ___ the six self-governing colonies were united in one dominion --- the Independent Commonwealth of Australia.(1901)
30.New Zealand was first sighted by the ___ seaman ___ in ___.(Dutch; Abel Tasman; 1642)
31.In the 1770s ___ visited New Zealand and claimed it for England.(Captain James Cook)
32.Britain drew up the Treaty of Waitangi in ___ with ___ chiefs.(1840; Maori)
33.New Zealand was completely independent in ___.(1931)
34.The British East India Company was established in ___.(1600)
35.In ___ Queen Victoria became Empress of India.(1877)
36.The Suez Canal was first built by ___ engineers.(French)
37.In the ___ British merchants began to smuggle opium into China from India.(1830s)
38.In ___, the Chinese, led by the Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu, confiscated the British merchants' opium and burned them.(1839)
39.After the Opium War in 1840 the British troops occupied Hong Kong in ___.(1841)
40.After the Opium War in 1840, ___ was signed in 1842.(the Treaty of Nanjing)
41.After the Second Opium War China was forced to open ___ ports.(11)
42.In Britain, after the First World War women over ___ years old were granted the right to vote.(30)
43.The spark of World War I was struck at ___ in ___.(Sarajevo;1914)
44.The Sudetenland was given to Germany by ___.(the Munich Agreement)
45.The Great Exhibition 100 years ago was held by ___.(the Conservative Government)
46.The Beatles, the popular band in 1960s, came from ___.(Liverpool)
47.In 1979 the Conservative Party returned to power again and ___ became the Prime
Minister.(Margaret Thatcher)
48.In ___ the Falkland Island war broke out between Britain and ___.(1982;Argentina) The Economy
1.After ___, Britain gave up its economic hegemony and suffered a deep low of its position of industrial leadership. (the Second World War)
2.With help from ___, the British economy quickly recovered from the Second World War. (the USA)
3.By the end of ___, the British economy had returned to its pre-war levels. (1947)
4.In 1950 Britain's GDP and its foreign trade ranked ___ and its per capita income ranked ___ in the world. (second; third)
5.The end of ___ Britain witnesses the first oil shock. (1973)
6.In ___ Britain became a net exporter of oil. (1980s)
7.The 1940s in Britain was regarded as the decade of ___ in economy.(nationalization)
8.The 1980s in Britain was remembered as the era of ___. (privatization)
9.Almost all the industrial areas in Britain except ___ and ___ are based on coalfields. (London;Belfast)
10.The coal from the coalfield of ___ is ,ost suitable for producing blast furnace coke used in British steelworks. (the North-East)
11.___ coalfields produce coal suitable for the power stations. (The Midlands)
12.It is estimated that Britain has the oil reserves of ___ million barrels. (13)
13.In Britain the imported cotton arrives at the city of ___ and then carried by canal to the great textile manufacturing city of ___.(Liverpool; Manchester) 14.Britain was a world leader in shipbuilding during the middle of the ___ century. (19th)
15.Now the British motor industry is dominated by ___ firms. (4)
16.The motor vehicle industry in Britain began to developed in the early ___ century. (20th)
17.The area between ___ and ___ in Scotland is referred to as the "Silicon Glen". (London;South Wales)
18.In Britain ___ of the population who are farmers manage ___ of the land area. (3%;70%)
19.In Britain any farm employing more than ___ farm workers is a big farm. (4)
20.There are mainly ___ farm types in Britain.(6)
21.The chief arable farming areas are in ___ and ___.(the East;the South East)
22.The two very important crops in Britain are ___ and ___.(wheat;barley)
23.Both ___ and ___ are the staple food of Britain.(wheat;potatoes)
24.In Britain ___ is not grown.(rice)
25.___ is the chief kind of farming in the North and West of Britain.(Stock farming)
26.Britain is the ___ largest trading nation in the world.(fifth)
27.Britain has been a major trading power since the ___ century.(17th)
28.About half of British trade is with ___. (EEC)
Government and Administration
1.The United Kingdom is government in the name of ___, by ___. (the Sovereign; His or Her Majesty’s Government)
2.The British monarchy can be traced back to at least ___ century. (the 9th)
3.The present British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II was crowned in ___.(1953)
4.___ is the “supreme governor” of the Church of England.(The monarch)
5.In law British Prime Minister is appointed by ___.(the monarch)
6.All royal expenditure is approved by ___.(the British Parliament)
7.The life of the British Parliament is ___ years and divided into ___.(5;sessions)
8.The leader of the House of Lords is ___. (the Lord Chancellor)
9.___ has the ultimate authority for law-making. (The Lower House)
10.In Britain the members of the Lower House are elected either at a general election or at ___.(a by-election)
11.In Britain the general election is normally held every ___ years. (5)
12.In Britain the citizens aged ___ or over have the right to vote.(18)
13.In Britain a candidate must be at least ___ or over with the deposit of
￡___.(21;500)
14.The Social and Liberal Democratic Party is the combination of the Social Democratic Party and ___.(the Liberal Party)
15.The House of Lords cannot delay a bill passed by the Lower House for more than ___ months.(12)
16.The House of Common is headed by ___.(the Speaker)
17.The British Cabinet is presided by ___. (the Prime Minister)
18.The local government on the mainland of Scotland is on ___ basis. (tow-tier)
19.Northern Ireland is divided into ___ districts.(26)
20.Which of the following is NOT true about the British Parliament. (The Lord Chancellor is responsible for the records of proceedings of the House of Lords and for the text of Acts of Parliament.)
Justice and Law
1.___ is confined mainly to economic and social matters in Britain. (European Community Law)
2.In ___ the Lord Advocate, is responsible for prosecutions in the courts.(Scotland)
3.Whether the accused is guilty or innocent is decided by ___.(the jury)
4.The jury in Scotland contains ___ members.(15)
5.England and Wales are divided into ___ circuits for the purpose of hearing criminal
cases.(6)
6.___ is the ultimate court of appeal in civil cases throughout the United Kingdom.(The House of Lords)
7.In England and Wales the highest judicial appointments are made by the Queen on the advice of ___.(the Prime Minister)
8.Which of the following statements is NOT true about the common law in the U.K.? (It mainly includes the Acts of Parliament.)
Social Affairs
1. The NHS was established in the UK in ___. (1948)
2. ___ do not contribute to the cost of the NHS. (Students)
3. In Britain ___ cannot received a voucher towards the cost of their spectacles. (officials at office)
4. ___ is directly responsible for the NHS. (Central government)
5. The contributory social security benefits include ___. (retirement pension)
6. Women at the age of ___ and men at the age of ___ are entitled to a state retirement pension. (60,65)
7. ___ is uniquely related to the Crown. (Church of England)
8. About 1,312 churches are governed locally in Scotland by ___. (Kirk Session)
9. The General Assembly meets annually under the presidency of an elected moderator, who serves for ___. (one year)
10. ___ is NOT among the Anglican Churches. (The Baptists)
11. The Free Church does NOT include ___. (the Church of England)
12. ___ is the largest of the Free Churches. (The Methodist Church)
13. ___ allows only men to become priests. (The Roman Catholic Church)
14. There are now ___ Roman Catholic provinces in Britain. (7)
15. December 25th is ___. (Christmas Day)
16. ___ is liable to be charged by the NHS for treatment in an accident, emergency or for an infectious disease. (No one)
17. Services provided for expectant mothers and mothers with young children do NOT include ___. (free sight test)
18. Unemployment benefit of ___ a week for a single person is payable for up to a year in any one period of unemployment. (￡45.45)
19. Employers are responsible for paying statutory sick pay to employees for up to
a maximum of ___ weeks if employees are sick or disable. (28)
20. Most pregnant working women receive their statutory maternity pay directly from their employer for a maximum of ___ weeks. (18)
美国概况
1. Th e traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is the Mississippi River.（密西西比河也是美国最长最为重要的河流，被美国人“众河之父”Father of Waters）
2. Non-Hispanic white is the largest racial group in the whole population of U.S. A.
3. Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans. 2000年前美国黑人是美国人数最多的少数民族，2000年后Hispanics/Latinos 也就是拉丁裔的美国人成为美国人数最多的少数民族。
4. America has the world's oldest written constitution and political party.
5. As to roles of American president, which is NOT precisely defined in the U. S. Constitution?
A. He is the head of the state
B. He is the chief executive of the U. S.
C. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces
D. He is the head of his political party
6. The economic problems caused by the depression in 1929 were eventually solved by the New Deal. （proposed by F. D. Roosevelt）
7. The New England region's cultural character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit.
8. California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America.
9. Which of the following is NOT America's newspaper?
A. Wall Street Journal
B. USA today
C. Guardian （英国《卫报》）
D. The Milwaukee Journal
10. ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, CNN, MTV, HBO等都是美国主要的新闻与有线电视网络（News and Cable Networks）
11. To the west of mainland America lies the Pacific Ocean. 美国大陆东部则是大西洋。
12. Detroit, a U. S. city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for its automobile industry.
13. New York City is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.
14. Washington D. C. is named after both George Washington and Christopher Columbus.
15. The U. S. Congress has the power to make these laws except of _______.
A. defense
B. citizenship and naturalization
C. marriage
D. the regulation of foreign trade
16. The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was Abraham Lincoln.
17. Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is Rhode Island.
18. The national flag of the United States is known as the Star-Spangled Banner.
19. The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on the population.
20. The statue of liberty was given to American people by France as a gift in 1884.
21. Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidential term is the longest. （12 years）
22. American Civil War broke out in 1861 and finished in 1865.
23. Thomas Jefferson prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence.
24. In 31 October Halloween is celebrated.
25. The US was rated fourth in the world in terms of land area.
26. The seats in the Senate are allocated to different states equally. （two for each state）
27. Hollywood, the center of American movie industry, is closest to Los Angeles.
28. The first Puritans came to America on the ship May Flower.
英国概况
1. Which of the following does not belong to the Island of Great Britain?
A. England
B. Scotland
C. Ireland
D. Wales
2. Modern football game began in England.
3. In Britain education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 to 16.
4. The longest river in Britain is the Severn River.
5. The general election in Britain is held every five years.
6. “God Save the Queen” is the national anthem of Britain.
7. In 1588 the English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada and established the supremacy over the sea.
8. Big Ben is a famous clock in London.
9. In 1066 William the Conqueror led the Norman army in invading and defeating England.
10. The Times is the British oldest daily newspaper.
11. The Industrial Revolution started in the Great Britain.
12. Margaret Thatcher is the first female Prime Minister in the history of Great Britain.
13. The capital of Wales is Cardiff.
14. There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative party and the Labor party.
15. The new agency Reuters（路透社）was founded in London.
16. The Anglo-Saxons were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.
17. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.
18. The British Parliament consists of three elements: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
英国文学
1. Beowulf: national epic in old English
2. Geoffrey Chaucer: father of modern English poetry; The Canterbury Tales
3. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: story about King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table
4. Renaissance: it was an intellectual movement. It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another feature is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.
5. Thomas More: Utopia
6. William Shakespeare: Four Great Tragedies: Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello He was also famous for his sonnets and love tragedy: Romeo and Juliet.
7. John Milton: Paradise Lost (great epic)
8. Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe
9. Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels
10. John Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress (It is regarded as the most successful religious allegory in the English language.)
11. Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language
12. In the mid-18th century, a new literary trend called Romanticism came to Europe and then to England.
13. National poet of Scotland: Robert Burns
14. William Wordsworth: Lyrical Ballads (It marked the beginning of Romanticism in English poetry.)
15. George Gordon Byron: Don Juan
16. Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind
17. John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale
18. In the Victorian Age (1836 –1901), romanticism gradually gave way to realism.
19. Charles Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities; David Copperfield; Oliver Twist
20. Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights
21. Thomas Hardy: Tess of D’Urbervilles
22. William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair
23. George Bernard Shaw: Pygmalion; Mrs Warren’s Profession (He is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.)
24. John Galsworthy: The Forsyte Saga
25. James Joyce: “stream-of-consciousness”
语言学
1. The core of linguistics: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics
2. The beginning of Modern linguistics: marked by the publication of F. de Saussure's book Course in General Linguistics in the early 20th century.
3. Prescriptive vs. Descriptive规定性研究与描写性研究
Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.
4. Competence vs. performance 语言能力与语言运用: the distinction was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in 196
5. The two terms are similar with Saussure's langue and parole. However, Saussure took a sociological view of language and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view.
5. Phonetics: the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.（语音学）
6. Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.（音位学）
7. 音位学与语音学的不同：语音学着重于语音的自然属性；音位学强调语音的社会功能。
8. Morphology: refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.（形态学）
9. Morpheme: the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, the minimal unit of meaning.
10. Word-formation: the process of word variation signaling lexical relationships. They are compound and derivation.
11. Transformational-Generative grammar: proposed by Chomsky in 1957（转换生成语法）
12. hyponymy上下义关系，指一种意义包含关系，一个上义词一般会有许多下义词，比如flower与violet的关系即上下义关系。
13. antonymy反义关系：（1）Gradable antonyms两者并非绝对对立，而是相对hot-cold；（2）complementary antonyms互补，两者绝对对立，非此即彼，如dead-alive （3）relational antonyms相反的，两个实体之间关系的相互颠倒buy-sell
14. Sociolinguistics: It is the sub-filed of linguistics that studies the
relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.社会语言学
15. Sapir-whorf hypothesis萨皮尔伍尔夫假说: according to Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, language filters people's perception and the way they categorize experiences.此假说认为语言决定或影响人的思维方式和行为。
16. acquisition（习得）:it is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language, and it is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules.
Learning（学习）: it is a conscious learning of the second language knowledge by learning the rules and talking about the rules.
专八人文知识必背
1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.
2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学
3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科
4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学
5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是 Initialism。
6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种,
一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==
或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。
7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life (Shakespeare).明喻, 一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由 like或 as引导的短语中，如“我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）
8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare) 隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处，如“忧愁之
海”或“整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚) the ship of desert 沙漠之舟
9. Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist. 矛盾修饰法, 一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观
cruel kindness
10. The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.
11. John Mil ton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained was also written by him.
12. Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes. 十四行诗体, 一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常有一种传统的押韵形式, 莎士比亚用过此诗体。
13. Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect. 俚语主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种语言，基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成，它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果
14. Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as
a slogan for a group or movement. 警句，妙句，吸引人的词句广泛使用的或流行的用语，尤指用作集团或运动的口号的用语。
15. Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group. 行话, 一个行业、职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语言.
16. Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant. 陈腔滥调, 陈腐的或平庸的评论或陈述，尤指某人表述它时好象它是新颖的或有意义的
17. Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法,一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重
18. onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. 象声词, 词的构成或用法，例如 buzz或 nurmur模仿事物或行动的声音.
19. hypotaxis: 从属关系
20. parataxis: 并列结构，指短语或分句间不用连词，如：I came, I saw, I conquered.
21. Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. 超验主义, 一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫?沃尔多?爱默生和玛格丽特?富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握
22. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter. 美国
23. Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.词法，词态学，形态音位学, 语言或某一语言中对于单词的结构和形式的研究，包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成
24. affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant辅音followed by a fricative摩擦; for example, the initial sounds of child and joy. 塞擦音由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音；例如 child和 joy的第一个音Also called: affricative.
25. Vanity Fair 名利场 was written William Makepeace Thackray
26. Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon. Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins
尼尔．阿姆斯特朗、埃德温．奥尔德林、迈克尔．柯林斯
27. The title of the national anthem 国歌 of Canada is O Canada. 此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。
28. Henry David Thoreau’s work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.
29. etymology: the history of a word. 词源学
30. The dominant accent in the United States is General American. 除纽约市、南方、新英格兰
31. John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles 披头士或甲壳虫乐队in the 1960s.
32. In Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记, Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houyhnhnms as the world’s most perfect society. 有理智和人性的马 Houyhnhnms are horses in fact.
33. Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.
34. morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. 词素, 一种含有一个单词的有意义的语言单位，如 -ed在单词 walked 中，不能被划分为更小的有意义单位
35. The name of the famous stadium露天体育场 in the north of London is Wembley.
36. Wimbledon温布尔登[英国英格兰东南部城市](位于伦敦附近, 是著名的国际网球比赛地)
37. Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食谱, originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England. 烤面拖牛肉，，面拖烤香肠
38. Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion（强制）. 联合抵制, 联合起来拒绝使用、购买或经销以示抗议、不满或作为强制的手段