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考博英语阅读理解习题

考博英语阅读理解习题
考博英语阅读理解习题

考博英语阅读理解习题

Most of us are taught to pay attention to what is said—the words. Words do provide us with some information,but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner to a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone. Words are used to describe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message. Sometimes we can gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words. We don't always say what we mean or mean what we say. Sometimes our words don't mean anything except “I'm letting off some steam. I don't really want you to pay close attention to what I'm saying. Just pay attention to what I'm feeling.”Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting to purchase a house says to the current owner,“This step has to be fixed before I'll buy.”The owner says,“It's been like that for years.”Actually,the step hasn't been like that for years,but the unspoken message is:“I don't want to fix it. We put up with it. Why can't you?”The search for a more expansive view of meaning can be developed of examining a message in terms of who said it,when it occurred,the related conditions or situation,and how it was said.

When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning. Let us assume two couples do exactly the same amount of kissing and arguing. But one couple always kisses after an argument and the other couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a great deal more than the frequency of the behavior. A friend's unusually docile behavior may only be understood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount of assertiveness. Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses and defy logic. For example,a person who says “No!”to a serials of charges like “You're dumb,”“You're lazy,”and “You're dishonest,”may also say “No!”and try to justify his or her response if the next statement is “And you're good looking.”

We would do well to listen for how messages are presented. The words,“If sure has been nice to have you over,”can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically. The phrase can be said once or repeated several times. And the meanings we associate with the phrase will change accordingly. Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance;sometimes the more we say something the less importance it assumes.

1.Effective communication is rendered possible between two conversing partners,if ___.

A.they use proper words to carry their ideas.

B.they both speak truly of their own feelings.

C.they try to understand each other's ideas beyond words.

D.they are capable of associating meaning with their words.

2.“I'm letting off some steam”in paragraph 1 means___.

A.I'm just calling your attention.

B.I'm just kidding.

C.I'm just saying the opposite.

D.I'm just giving off some sound.

3.The house-owner's example shows that he actually means___.

A.the step has been like that for years.

B.he doesn't think it necessary to fix the step.

C.the condition of the step is only a minor fault.

D.the cost involved in the fixing should be shared.

4.Some responses and behaviors may appear very illogical,but are justifiable if___.

A.linked to an abnormal amount of assertiveness.

B.seen as one's habitual pattern of behavior.

C.taken as part of an ordering sequence.

D.expressed to a series of charges.

5.The word “ritualistically”in the last paragraph equals something done___.

A.without true intention.

B.light-heartedly.

C.in a way of ceremony.

D.with less emphasis.

答案:DBABC

Which is safer-staying at home,traveling to work on public transport,or working in the office?Surprisingly,each of these carries the same risk,which is very low. However,what about flying compared to working in the chemical industry?Unfortunately,the former is 65 times riskier than the latter!In fact,the accident rate of workers in the chemical industry is less than that of almost any of human activity,and almost as safe as staying at home. examda

The trouble with the chemical industry is that when things go wrong they often cause death to those living nearby. It is this which makes chemical accidents so newsworthy. Fortunately,they are extremely rare. The most famous ones happened at Texas City (1947),Flixborough (1974),Seveso (1976),Pemex (1984)and Bhopal (1984)。

Some of these are always in the minds of the people even though the loss of life was small. No one died at Seveso,and only 28 workers at Flixborough. The worst accident of all was Bhopal,where up to 3,000 were killed. The Texas City explosion of fertilizer killed 552. The Pemex fire at a storage plant for natural gas in the suburbs of Mexico City took 542 lives,just a month before the unfortunate event at Bhopal.

Some experts have discussed these accidents and used each accident to illustrate a particular danger. Thus the Texas City explosion was caused by tons of ammonium nitrate (硝酸铵),which is safe unless stored in great quantity. The Flixborough fireball was the fault of management,which took risks to keep production going during essential repairs. The Seveso accident shows what happens if the local authorities lack knowledge of the danger on their doorstep. When the poisonous gas drifted over the town,local leaders were incapable of taking effective action. The Pemex fire was made worse by an overloaded site in an overcrowded suburb. The fire set off a chain reaction os exploding storage tanks. Yet,by a miracle,the two largest tanks did not explode. Had these caught fire,then 3,000 strong rescue team and fire fighters would all have died.examda

1.Which of the following statements is true?

A.Working at the office is safer than staying at home.

B.Traverlling to work on public transport is safer than working at the office.

C.Staying at home is safer than working in the chemical industry.

D.Working in the chemical industry is safer than traveling by air.

2.Chemical accidents are usually important enough to be reported as news because ____.

A.they are very rare

B.they often cause loss of life

C.they always occur in big cities

D.they arouse the interest of all the readers

3.According to passage,the chemical accident that caused by the fault of management happened at ____.

A.Texas city

B.Flixborough

C.Seveso

D.Mexico City

4.From the passage we know that ammonium nitrate is a kind of ____.

A.natural gas,which can easily catch fire

B.fertilizer,which can't be stored in a great quantity

C.poisonous substance,which can't be used in overcrowded areas

D.fuel,which is stored in large tanks

5.From the discussion among some experts we may coclude that ____.

A.to avoid any accidents we should not repair the facilities in chemical industry

B.the local authorities should not be concerned with the production of the chemical industry

C.all these accidents could have been avoided or controlled if effective measure had been taken

D.natural gas stored in very large tanks is always safe

答案:DBABC

A controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid )fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting was introduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals based on a pattern seen in their DNA,the molecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells. DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways,such as to determine paternity where it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However,it is in the area of criminal investigations that DNA fingerprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.

DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminal investigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to trove guilt,not just establish innocence. When used in criminal investigations,a DNA fingerprint pattern from a suspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or blood found at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence to convict a suspect.

The controversy in 1998 stemmed form a report published in December 1991 by population geneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge,Mass.,and Daniel L. Hartl called into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNA fingerprints might occur by chance alone. In particular,they argued that the current method cannot properly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from the same individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the same ethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better surveys of DNA patterns methods are adequate.

In response to their criticisms,population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the University of Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K.Kidd of Yale University in New Haven,Conn.,argued that enough data are already available to show that the methods currently being used are adequate. In January 1998,however,the federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNA tests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples form various ethnic groups in an attempt to resolve some of these questions. And,in April,a National Academy of Sciences called for strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.

1.Before DNA fingerprinting is used,suspects____.

A.would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigations

B.would have to submit evidence for their innocence

C.could easily escape conviction of guilt

D.cold be convicted of guilt as well

2.DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable when ____.

A.the methods used for blood- cell calculation are not accurate

B.two different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same DNA fingerprinting pattern

C.a match is by chance left with fingerprints that happen to belong to two different individuals

D.two different individuals leave two DNA samples.

3.To geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl,the current method ____.

A.is not so convincing as to exclude the likelihood that two DNA samples can never come from two individuals

B.is arguable because two individuals of the same ethnic group are likely to have the same DNA pattern.

C.Is not based on adequate scientific theory of genetics

D.Is theoretically contradictory to what they have been studying

4.The attitude of the Federal Bereau of Investigation shows that ____.

A.enough data are yet to be collected form various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihood of two DNA samples coming from two individual members

B.enough data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only DNA samples form the same person can match

C.enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine the likelihood of two different DNA samples coming form the same person

D.additional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to determine that two DNA samples are unlikely to come from the same person

5.National Academy of Sciences holds the stance that ____.

A.DNA testing should be systematized

B.Only authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testing

C.The academy only is authorized to work out standards for testing

D.The academy has the right to accredit laboratories for DNA testing

答案:CBABB

What we know of prenatal development makes all this attempt made by a mother to mold the character of her unborn child by studying poetry,art,or mathematics during pregnancy seem utterly impossible. How could such extremely complex influences pass from the mother to the child?There is no connection between their nervous systems. Even the blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly. An emotional shock to the mother will affect her child,because it changes the activity of her glands and so the chemistry her blood. Any chemical change in the mother's blood will affect the child for better or worse. But we can not see how a looking for mathematics or poetic genius can be dissolved in blood and produce a similar liking or genius in the child.

In our discussion of instincts we saw that there was reason to believe that whatever we inherit must be of some very simple sort rather than any complicated or very definite kind of behavior. It is certain that no one inherits a knowledge of mathematics. It may be,however,that children inherit more or less of a rather general ability that we may call intelligence. If very intelligent children become deeply interested in mathematics,they will probably make a success of that study.

As for musical ability,it may be that what is inherited is an especially sensitive ear,a peculiar structure of the hands or the vocal organs connections between nerves and muscles that make it comparatively easy to learn the movements a musician must execute,and particularly vigorous emotions. If these factors are all organized around music,the child may become a musician. The same factors,in other circumstance might be organized about some other center of interest. The rich emotional equipment might find expression in poetry. The capable fingers might develop skill in surgery. It is not the knowledge of music that is inherited,then nor even the love of it,but a certain bodily structure that makes it comparatively easy to acquire musical knowledge and skill. Whether that ability shall be directed toward music or some other undertaking may be decided entirely by forces in the

environment in which a child grows up.

1. Which of the following statements is not true?

A. Some mothers try to influence their unborn children by studying art and other subjects during their pregnancy.

B. It is utterly impossible for us to learn anything about prenatal development.examda

C. The blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly.

D. There are no connection between mother's nervous systems and her unborn child's.

2. A mother will affect her unborn baby on the condition that ____.

A. she is emotionally shocked

B. she has a good knowledge of inheritance

C. she takes part in all kind of activities

D. she sticks to studying

3. According to the passage,a child may inherit____.

A. everything from his mother

B. a knowledge of mathematics

C. a rather general ability that we call intelligence

D. her mother's musical ability examda

4. If a child inherits something from his mother,such as an especially sensitive ear,a peculiar structure of the hands or of the vocal organs,he will ____.

A. surely become musician

B. mostly become a poet

C. possibly become a teacher

D. become a musician on the condition that all these factors are organized around music

5. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A. Role of Inheritance.

B. An Unborn Child.

C. Function of instincts.

D. Inherited Talents.

答案:BACDA

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