高中英语语法讲解——非谓语动词

非谓语动词

非谓语动词的种类：

不定式（to do）、动名词（doing）、现在分词（doing）、过去分词（V-ed）

不定式：表将来、表目的

1. 表示将要发生的动作或即将要做的事。

即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作。如：

I expect him to arrive tomorrow. 我预计他明天到达。

I hope to catch an early train. 我希望赶上早班火车。

2. 表示同时发生的动作，即表示与谓语动作同时发生或略先于谓语动作的动作。如：Who heard him say that? 是谁听到他这样说的？(say 与heard 几乎同时发生)

3. 表示一般情况，即看不出动作的先后关系，而是表示一种情况或现象。如：

Washing the car seems to be your main hobby. 擦洗汽车似乎是你的主要爱好。None of her many lovers seemed to want to marry her. 在她的许多情人中似乎没有一个愿意娶她的。

不定式省略to的基本规律

一、使役动词后省略to的情况

在let, make, have 等使役动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。如：

My mother wouldn’t let me go to the film. 我妈妈不会让我去看电影的。

I don’t like milk, but mother made me drink it. 我不喜欢牛奶，可是母亲强迫我喝。注意：当使役动词用于被动语态时，要补上在主动语态中省略的to

二、感觉动词后省略to的情况see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch

在感觉动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。如：

I watched her get into the car. 我看着她上了车

I saw the woman enter a bank. 我看见这个女人进了一家银行。

注意：

1. 用于被动语态时，其后的不定式必须带to。如：

The woman was seen to enter a bank. 有人看见这个女人进了一家银行。

2. 类似地，动词look at 和listen to后用作宾语补足语的不定式也不带to。如：

We listened to the old man tell his story. 我们听这位老人讲述他的经历。

3. 若不定式为完成式，通常应带to。如：I noticed her to have come . 我注意到她了。

三、动词help后省略to的情况

在动词help 后用作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可以不带to。如：

Can I help (to) carry this heavy box? 我可以帮忙扛这个重箱子吗？

注意：在当help用于被动语态时，不定式前的to 不能省略。如：

The boy was helped by a woman to collect his scattered coins. 那男孩由一个妇女帮他捡拾散乱一地的钱币。

四、why (not)…后省略to的情况

在why (not)…?之后的不定式不能带to。如：

Why go with him? 为什么要同他一起去？Why not ask the teacher? 为什么不去问问老师？

五、介词except / but后省略to的情况

用作介词except, but 宾语的不定式有时带to，有时不带to。其大致原则是：

若其前出现了动词do，其后的不定式通常不带to；若其前没有出现动词do，则其后的不定式通常带to。如：

I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我没有别的选择。

She can do everything except cook. 除了做饭之外她什么都会。

六、主语带do表语省略to的情况

当主语部分有动词do 的某种形式时，用作表语的不定式可以省略to。如：

All you do now is (to) complete the form. 你现在要做的只是把这张表填好。

The only thing to do now is (to) go on. 前进是现在唯一的出路。

七、并列不定式省略to的情况

当两个或多个作用相同的不定式并列时，通常只需在第一个不定式前用to，其余不定式前的to 可以省略。如：

He told me to stay there and wait for him. 他叫我在那儿等他。

It is easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 说服人容易，强迫人难。

但是，如果两者有对比关系，则后面不定式前的to 不可省略。如：

To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试而失败总比不尝试好。

九、省略不定式是否保留to

在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，有时不定式可以省略，但通常保留不定式符号to。如：I shall go if I want to. 如果我想去就去。

Don’t go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。

注意：

1. 若被省略的不定式为to be短语，则通常应保留to be。如：He is not the man he used to be. 他已不是原来的那个样子了。

2. 有时省略不定式时，同时也可省略to。如：She may go if she likes (to). 她想去就可以去。

动名词

1. 与主要动作同时发生。如：

My shoe laces keep coming undone. 我的鞋带老是松开。

Try to imagine being on the moon. 设法想象你是在月球上。

2. 后于主要动作发生：当动名词用于advise, suggest, insist on等动词后作宾语时，它所表示的动作常发生在主要动作之后。如：

I advise waiting till proper time. 我建议等到适当时机。

He insisted on seeing us home. 他一定要送我们回家。

He suggested moving to the country. 他建议搬到乡下去。

3. 先于主要动作发生：当动名词用于admit, deny, forget, regret, remember 等动词后作宾语，表示的动作通常发生在主要动作之前。如：

I admit breaking the window. 我承认窗子是我打破的。

She denied seeing me. 她否认看见过我。

I’ll never forget meeting you that afternoon. 我永远不会忘记那天下午见到你的情况。

4. 视相关词的意义而定：当动名词用于介词before, after, since之后作宾语时，动作的先后依介词before, after 的意义而定。如：

Don’t bathe immediately after eating. 不要吃饭后就游泳。

She waited a little while before making up her mind. 她等一会儿才做出决定。

5. 表示泛指意义：当动名词表示泛指意义的动作或状态时，没有时间意义。如：

Being lost can be a terrifying experience. 迷路有时很可怕。

It's hard work climbing mountains. 爬山是费劲的事。

句法功能

1. 用作主语

Getting up early is a good habit. 早起是个好习惯。

Finding work is difficult these days. 现今找工作可不容易。

由于直接将动名词置于句首作主语有时会显得“头重脚轻”，此是可用it 作形式主语放在句首，而把真正的主语放在句末。如：

It’s nice seeing her again. 再次见到她很好。

句首的it 就是形式主语，真正的主语是后而把动名词seeing her again 和saying any more about it。

2. 用作表语

Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。

Her hobby is growing roses. 她的爱好是种植玫瑰。

The problem is getting to know the needs of the customers. 问题是了解消费者的需要。

动名词和不定式均可用作主语和表语，两者的区别是：动名词多指笼统的、抽象的概念，而不定式则多表示具体的、一次性的动作。

3. 用作宾语

I don’t mind being poor. 我对贫困不在乎。

They kept talking about it. 他们一直在谈论此事。

He suggested moving to the country. 他建议搬到乡下去。

4. 用作宾语补足语

Can we call this serving mankind? 这能叫为人类服务吗？

I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul. 我管这叫做拆东墙补西墙。

5. 用作定语

We need a new working method. 我们需要一种新的工作方法。

The doctor told me not to take sleeping pills. 医生叫我不要服安眠药。

现在分词的被动式

当我们要表示一个被动动作时，现在分词就用被动形式。该结构主要用于表示正在进行的被动动作。从意义上看，现在分词的被动式具备“现在进行时”和“被动语态”两个特点，即既具有进行的意味，同时又具有被动意味。如：

The building being repaired is our library. 正在维修的那座楼是我们的图书馆。

句中用作定语的being repaired 有两层意思：一是指图书馆“正在修建”，二是指图书馆是“被修建”，而不是自动地自己建。

过去分词

(1) 表示已经发生的动作

即表示过去某时已发生的被动动作——由于既有完成的意味，又有被动意味，符合过去分词的基本特征。如：

The paintings stolen from the museum haven’t been found. 博物馆失窃的画仍未找到。

根据句意可知，“画被盗”的事已经发生了，属于已经完成的过去动作；另一方面，“画”与“偷”之间显然是被动关系，即“画”是“被”偷了，所以它又具有被动意味。

(2) 表示经常性动作或泛指概念：

过去分词有两个基本特点，一是表示被动，二是表示完成。但有时也有例外，比如下面的例子，虽然其中的过去分词也表示被动，但它们并不表示完成，而是表示经常性，或不表明具体的时间，带有泛指的意味：

A letter sent by airmail should arrive sooner than the one sent by regular mail. 航空信应该比平信到得快。

句中的两个过去分词sent 均用作定语，修饰其前的a letter 和the one，虽然这里的sent 带有被动意味，但是它并不表示完成，而只是陈述一种情况，没有时间的先后关系。

The woman talked about is very rich. 人们经常谈论的那个女人很有钱。

(3) 表示伴随状态，即表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动动作。如：

Asked why he came, he kept silent. 问他为什么要来，他一言不发。

He came in, followed by his secretary. 他走了进来，后面跟着他的秘书。

小结

用作定语的非谓语动词

1. 不定式作定语，要放在它所修饰的名词之后，表示一个将来的动作。如：

They have three tickets to spare. 他们多三张票。

She has plenty of clothes to wear. 她有足够的衣服穿。

2. 分词作定语，单个的放在所修饰的名词前(left 等除外)，短语放在所修饰的名词后。现在分词表示其动作正在发生或与谓语同时发生，过去分词表示其动作已经完成或没有时间性；在逻辑上被修饰的名词与现在分词是主谓关系，与过去分词是被动关系。

She is a trained nurse. 她是一个受过训练的护士。

There are no places left to sit on the train. 火车上没有座位可坐了。

There is a gentleman asking to see you. 有一位先生要求见你。

注：现在分词的完成式通常只作状语，而不能作定语。

3. 动名词作定语，只放在名词前，说明该名词的性能或用途，不表动作，被修饰的名词与-ing 形式在逻辑上没有主谓关系。如：

The doctor told me not to take sleeping pills. 医生叫我不要服安眠药。

4. to be done, being done, done 均可用作定语，且都表示被动意义，其区别在于：to be done 表示将来，being done 表示目前正在发生，done 表示过去已经发生。如：

The house to be built next year is a cinema. 明年建的那座房子是家电影院。

The house being built now is a cinema. 现在正在建的房子是家电影院。

The house built last year is a cinema. 去年建的那座房子是家电影院。

用作状语的非谓语动词

1. 表示时间、条件、方式、让步或伴随情况，通常用现在分词或过去分词；若句子主语与非谓语动词是主动关系，用现在分词；若句子主语与非谓语动词是被动关系，用过去分词或现在分词分词的被动式。如：

Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. 见到猫，老鼠就跑了。

He sat in the chair reading newspapers. 他坐在椅子上看报。

Given more time, we could have done it better. 如果多给点时间，我们可以做得更好。

2. 表示目的，通常要用不定式；表目的的不定式所表示的动作通常发生在谓语动词之后，且常用于in order to, so as to 结构。有时为了强调，可将不定式短语放到句首。如：We used the computer to save time. 我们用电脑节约时间。

In order to catch the train, she hurried through her work.为了赶火车，她匆匆做完了她的工作。

注：不定式作状语只有表示目的时，才可以放到句首。

3. 表示原因，通常用分词短语，且多放在句首，有时也放在句末，多用逗号隔开。如：Being very weak, she couldn’t move. 由于身体虚弱，她不能行动。

Much discouraged, she came back home. 她很沮丧，回了家。

注：在表示情绪或情感反应的形容词(如happy, glad, sorry, sad, surprised, frightened, delighted, disappointed)后，可接不定式短语表示原因。如：

I'm very pleased to meet you. 会见你我很高兴。

I'm proud to be your friend. 当你的朋友我感到骄傲。

4. 表示结果，用不定式或现在分词均可，但有区别：不定式表结果，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示未曾预料到的，不定式前常加only，另外还用于too…to, enough to, never to, so / such …as to 等固定结构中；现在分词表示结果，是伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果(同时发生)，前面可加上thus。如：

He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked. 他是那样傻，竟然没锁车。

He hurried to the house only to fond that it was empty. 他匆忙赶到那屋子里，发现已经空无一人。

He died, leaving his wife with five children. 他死了，留下他妻子和五个孩子。

“主表被”用法

在某些情况下,虽然表示被动意思, 用的却是不定式的主动形式。常见的有下列几种情况:一、在某些固定句型中, 动词不定式作定语, 用主动形式表被动意义。

1）have（give, show, find ）sth. to do

在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系, 又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.

to do 与things 是动宾关系, 与I 是主谓关系。否则, 在表示被动意义时, 仍需要被动式。试比较:

Have you anything to do this afternoon? 今天下午你有事要做吗?（to do 是由you 发出的）

Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要带给你父母的东西吗? （谁带不得而知）

2）It（This, That）＋be＋a／an＋adj. ＋n. ＋to do

在这种句型中, 不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。动词不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。

例如: This is a difficult question to answer. 这是个难答的问题。

question 与to answer 为动宾关系。to answer 可改为for me to answer。再如:

It is an easy sentence to translate. 这个句子很容易翻译。

3）There ＋be ＋n. ＋to do

在此句型中, 用来修饰主语的不定式, 可用主动式, 也可用被动式, 只是侧重点不同。用主动式作定语, 重点在人, 用被动式作定语, 重点在物。

例如:没有时间可以耽误。可译成:There is no time to lose（to be lost）. 用to lose 可看成for us to lose; 用to be lost, 谁lost time 不明确。

但下述两句用主动不定式与被动不定式意义不同:

a. There is nothing to do now. （＝We have nothing to do now. ）现在没事干。

b. There is nothing to be done. （＝We can do nothing now. ）现在没办法了。

a. There is nothing to see. （nothing worth seeing）没有东西值得看。

b. There is nothing to be seen. （nothing there at all）看不见什么东西。

二、在某些“形容词＋不定式”的结构中, 不定式有被动意义, 与句子主语构成动宾关系。其句型有:

1）n. ＋be＋adj. ＋to do

The job is very easy to do. 这工作很容易做。

2）n. ＋be＋too＋adj. ＋to do

The thing is too small to see. 这东西太小看不见。

3）n. ＋be ＋adj. ＋enough to do

The book is cheap enough to buy. 这本书很便宜可以买。

三、want / need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。如：Your car needs reparing badly.(你的车急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理发。)(头发被理)

have+...结构用法归纳

一、have+宾语+V-ing

(1) 使(让)某人(某事物)一直做在做某事：

He had the light burning all night. 他让灯亮了一整夜。

(2) 说服或命令某人做某事：

He had me doing all kinds of jobs for her. 他叫我为她做各种事情。

二、have+宾语+V-ed

(1) 请(让)别人做某事：

We had the machine repaired. 我们请人修理了机器。

Why don’t you have your hair cut? 你为什么不理发?

(2) 经历或遭遇某情况：

He had his finger cut. 他的手指弄伤了。

I had my watch stolen yesterday. 我的表昨天被人偷去了。

(3) 完成或解决某事：

He had 1000 yuan saved last year. 他去年存了1000元。

I’ve had all my mistakes corrected. 我已把所有的错误都改正过来了。

三、have（give, show, find ）sth. to do

在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系, 又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.

to do 与things 是动宾关系, 与I 是主谓关系。否则, 在表示被动意义时, 仍需要被动式。试比较:

Have you anything to do this afternoon? 今天下午你有事要做吗?（to do 是由you 发出的）

Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要带给你父母的东西吗? （谁带不得而知）

人教版英语非谓语动词形式讲解及答案推荐精选

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非谓语动词 1（湖南省湘潭市外国语学校2010届高三第二次月考）Before the 1850’s, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them ____ from colonial days. A. was dated B. is dated C. is dating D. dating 2（浙江省金华一中2010届高三9月月考）Do I have to take all this medicine? It _______ so terrible. A. tastes B. is tasting C. is tasted D. has tasted 3（重庆市合川太和中学2010届高三第二次月考）___________ in the countryside made Mr. Wilson very hardworking when he was still young. A. Bringing up B. Being brought up C. Having brought up D. Brought up 4（广西柳州市第一中学2010届高三第一次模拟考试）A good knowledge of English is helpful if you are devoted to _______English literature. A．be studied B．study C．studied D．studying 5（江西省吉安一中2010届高三上学期第二次月考）April 12, 1846, was chosen as the day when all should be ready to start. We left _______with a group of 45 wagons. A. to travel B. travelled C. travelling D. travel 6（江西省师大附中2010届高三10月月考）This is an illness that can result in total blindness if ____. A. leaving untreated B. left untreated C. leaving to be untreated D. left untreating 7（山东省枣庄市第五中学2010届高三9月调研考试）——Would you like to help me clean my house now? ——Sorry, I can’t help _________ your house because I’m busy repairing mw bike? A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned 8（河南省睢县高级中学2010届高三第一次月考）The comments the expert made ______ stock-market bothered him greatly, ______ him not fall asleep all night. A. be concerned, which made B. concerned, making C. concerning, making D. to be concerning, made 9（湖南省岳阳市一中2010届高三第二次月考）______as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. A. Being published B. Publishing C. Published D. To be published 10（山东省郓城一中2010届高三第一次诊断检测）Even today I still remember the great fun we had _____ games on the beach in those happy days. A. play B. to play C. playing D. played 11（四川省绵阳南山中学2010届高三10月月考）The man lay under a tree eating something, and seeing a dog running to him, ______ up in no time. A. to stand B. stood C. standing D. would stand 12（浙江省温州市十校联合体2010届高三上学期期初联考）The tall waterfalls and green mountains are a splendid sight when ______ from the valley bottom. A. viewing B. viewing them C. viewed D. view 13（安徽省安庆市示范高中2010届高三四校联考）I won’t go to his birthday without _______. A. inviting B. being inviting C. invited D. to be invited 14（江西省南昌二中2010届高三上学期第二次月考）Charlie stood on the top of the mountain,

高中的英语非谓语动词讲解-(整理)

非谓语动词 非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(－ing)、现在分词(－ing)与过去分词(－ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化。 动词不定式

定义：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语，但它仍保持动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语。 一、不定式的意义 1. 不定式的一般式：一般式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动式(to be done). eg: He seemed to be tired. The building to be finished next month is for our teachers. 2. 不定式的进行式：进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语的动作同时发生。 . When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world. 3. 不定式的完成式：如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前，就用完成式；若是在此基础上的被动含义，就用完成被动式( to have been done).

. He is said to have written a novel about the Long March. He is said to have been taught French when he was a child. 4. 不定式的完成进行式：如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作，就要用完成进行式. eg: We’re happy to have been working with the experts all the month. 二、不定式的用法： 1. 不定式做主语：不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。而动名词doing 表示习惯的，经常的动作。 1)不定式作主语时,谓语用单数 To do such things is foolish. 2）主系表结构 To see is to believe. 3)it形式主语。当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，将不定式放到谓语的后面。 常用于下列结构中： (1)It is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do…（如 good/ kind/ nice/ clever/ foolish/ selfish…） (2)It is +adj.+(for sb.)+to do…（如easy / difficult / hard / / unwise / possible/ necessary…） (3)It is +a/an +名词+ to do...（如a pity/ a shame / a pleasure /one’s duty / an honor …）

非谓语动词用法详解

非谓语动词用法详解 动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词 (一)不定式 不定式由“to十动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”．不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化．不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语．不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for十名词或代词宾格”构成． 1．不定式的用法： l)作主语．不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语．例如： To see is to believe． It is right to give up smoking． 2)作宾语．不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语。往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语．例如： He wanted to go． I find it interesting to study work with him. 3)作宾语补足语．例如： He asked me to do the work with him. 注意：在feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice, observe，see，watch，have, let，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to．但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to．例如 I often hear him sing the song． He is often heard to sing the song． 注意：不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to．如： She could do nothing but cry. What do you like to do besides swim? I have no choice but to go． 动词help之后，带to或不带to都可以。 Will you please help me (to) take this suitcase? 请你帮我提一下这个衣箱好吗？She often helps her mother (to) clean their house. 她经常帮助她妈妈打扫房子。 4)作定语．例如： I have some books for you to read． 注①作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词．例如： He is looking for a room to live in． There is nothing to worry about．

(word完整版)高中语法非谓语动词专项练习

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