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翻译技巧英语笔译技法——正反译法

【翻译技巧】英语笔译技法——正反译法

由于国家、历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性的不同,汉英两种语言在表达正说和反说时有很大差异,尤其英语在否定意义的表达上更为复杂,有时形式否定而实质肯定,或形式肯定而实质否定。在两种语言互译时,原文中正说的句子可能不得不处理成反说,或是用反说表达更为合适。反之亦然。翻译中,这种把正说处理成反说、把反说处理成正说的译法,就称为正反译法。

正反译法是翻译技巧中的一个重要方法,属于引申和修辞范围。

笼统的说,英语句子中含有“never”、“no”、“not”、“un-”、“im-”、“in-”、“ir-”、“-less”等否定词以及否定前缀或后缀的单词,以及汉语句子中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“勿”、“毋”等否定词的即为反说,不含有这些否定词的即为正说。

但实际操作时,正说和反说的界限又变得极为模糊,例如“correct”可以翻译成“正确”(正说),也可以翻译成“没有毛病”(反说)。因此,到底译文要采用正说还是反说,就完全要看译文语言的惯用表达和上下文的语气语态了。

在正反译法中,英译汉正转反(正说反译法)和汉译英反转正(反说正译法)是最为重要的两种正反译法。

英译汉正转反

英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的,虽然形式是肯定的,但这类词大多是某些肯定词所引申或变化出来的反义词,或经过长期历史演变而引申出其他否定词义,即所谓的“含蓄否定词”或“暗指否定词”,这类词在译成汉语时,需要变成汉语的否定词组,必要时还需要作词类转换。

1、名词

—含蓄否定名词主要有:shortness / shortage(不够;不足)、lack(缺乏;没有)、absence (不在)、failure(未能;不成功)、defiance(不顾;无视)、denial(否认;否定)、exclusion (排除)、freedom(不;免除)、refusal(不愿;不允许)、loss(失去)等。

Shortness of time has required the omission of some states. 由于时间不够,没能访问那些国家。

Behave yourself during my absence. 我不在时要规矩点。

We were perplexed by his failure to answer the letter. 他何以不回信,我们大惑不解。

2、动词或动词短语

—英语中常见的含蓄否定动词包括:refuse(不愿;不肯;无法)、lack(缺乏;没有)、defy(不服从;不遵守;不让)、forbid(不许)、stop(不准;别)、ignore(不理;不肯考虑;无视;不顾)、hate(不愿意)、miss(没听清楚;没赶上)等。

He refuses to come in. 他不愿意进来。(Chris TAO 于2012年10月22日归纳总结并存手稿。)Children were excluded from getting in the building. 孩子不许进入这幢楼房。

Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you 你知道她为什么老是不想见到你吗

Stop talking nonsense!别胡说八道!

I missed what you said because of the noise outside. 由于外面的噪音,我没听清楚你说的话。

He was 75, but he carried his years lightly / easily. 他75岁了,可是并不显老。

The plan as it leaves much to be desired. 目前这样的方案大有不足之处。

Please remain seated until the aircraft comes to a complete stop. 飞机停稳前,请不要离开座位。

The above facts insist on the following conclusions. 上述事实使人们不能不得出以下结论。

3、形容词或形容词短语

—含蓄否定形容词主要有:absent(不在;不到;不出席)、blind(看不到;不注意)、awkward (不熟练;不灵活)、bad(令人不愉快的;不舒服的)、dead(无生命的;无感觉的;不毛的)、difficult(不容易的)、foreign to(不适合的;与…无关)、short of(不够)、poor (不好的;不幸的;不足的)、thin(站不住脚;不够有力)等。

The child is still awkward with his chopsticks. 那孩子还不太会用筷子。

What you said is foreign to the main issue of our discussion.你所讲的与我们讨论的主题无关。

The explanation is pretty thin. 这个解释站不住脚。

The corrupt police chief turned a blind eye to the open gambling in the town. 这个受贿的警察局长对镇上的公开赌博佯装不见。

We were watching the fluid situation with concern. 我们关切地注视着动荡不安的局面。

He would be the last man to say such things. 他绝不可能说这种话。

4、介词或介词短语

—含蓄否定介词和介词短语主要有:without(没有)、against(不符合)、except(不包括)、beyond(无;无法)、beside(不对;不符合)、above(不至于)、behind(未能;尚未;还没有)、instead of(没有;而不是)、aside from(不包括)、far from(绝不是;还不;非但不…(甚至)还…)、at large(未被捕;未捉拿归案)、at a loss(不知所措;不知如何是

好;完全不明白/不理解)、but for(要不是/没有…就不能/不会/无法…)、would rather…than (宁愿/宁可…也不)等。

His answer is beside the mark. 他的回答文不对题。

He is above meanness and deceit. 他不至于做卑鄙和欺骗的事情。

I have fallen behind with my correspondence. 我有一些信件没有及时答复。

It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 他无权签订这种合同。

The speaker was speaking over my head. 演讲者讲的内容太深奥了,我听不懂。

The escaped criminal is still at large. 逃犯仍未捉拿归案。

He is always at a loss what to say in front of strangers. 他在生人面前总是不知要说什么。

But for the workers’ help, we should not have succeeded in this experiment. 没有工人们的帮助,我们这个实验便不会成功。

5、副词 I stayed awake almost the whole night. 我昨晚几乎一夜没睡。

He dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the children. 他衣服都没脱就跳入水中,把孩子们救了上来。

Slowly he pulled the letter out of the envelope, and unfolded it. 他不慌不忙地从信封里抽出信纸,把它打开。

6、连词—包括:before(还没来得及)、unless(如果没有…就…)等。

Before I could say “thank you”, the postman had disappeared around the corner. 我还没来得及说声“谢谢”,邮递员已经消失在拐角处了。

Unless there is any other business, we can end the meeting. 如果没有别的事情,我们的会议就到此结束了。

7、习惯用法和固定搭配

He is anything but a writer. 他决不是一个作家。

The decision has to come. 决定尚未作出。

It is a wise father that knows his own child. 无论怎样聪明的父亲也不见得了解自己的孩子。

I’m only too pleased to work with you. 能和你一起工作真是太高兴了。

I’m but too glad to do so. 我非常愿意这样做。

We will die before we give in. 我们宁死不屈。

The critic had something of a case. 批评家也并非全然没有道理。

I am wiser than to believe such stories. 我还不至于蠢到竟然相信这种谎言。

He would rather die than go back on his comrades. 他宁死也不出卖自己的同志。

8、含有否定意义的谚语和警句

Road Ahead Closed 前方施工禁止通行

Admission By Invitation Only 非请莫入

Keep off the grass!请勿践踏草坪!

Wet paint!油漆未干!

Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven. 宁为鸡首,不为牛后。

Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。

Let sleeping dog lie. 莫惹是生非。

Call a spade a spade. 直言不讳。

英译汉反转正

英语中明显使用not、no等否定词或否定前后缀的反说语句有时却是含有肯定的含义,在这种情况下,我们在译成汉语时,可以用肯定形式来表达。

1、名词

The machine has two serious disadvantages. 那台机器有两个严重缺陷。

The dishonesty of the city officials was exposed by the newspaper. 市政府官员们的欺诈行为在报纸上披露出来。

He showed a strong dislike for father’s business. 他对他父亲的生意表现出强烈的厌恶。

2、动词或动词词组

The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations. 虽经他一再解释,疑团仍然存在。

Scientists have unlocked the secret of the atom. 科学家已经揭开了原子的秘密。

The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer. 调查结果清楚表明,病人死于癌症。

I only wish he was here himself,as I don’t doubt he will be here at sunset tomorrow. 我希望他也在这里,我有把握,明天太阳下山的时候,他就要来了。

3、形容词和形容词词组

He gave me an indefinite answer. 他给了我一个含糊的答复。

It was inconsiderate of him to mention the matter in her hearing. 他实在轻率,竟当着她的面谈论此事。

4、介词和介词词组

The problem is not beyond our reach. 这个问题我们能解决。

The whole gun was no longer than eight inches. 整支枪的长度只有8英寸。

5、副词

The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him. 归国的念头始终萦绕在他的心中。

The sea was, unfortunately, very rough that day. 可惜,那天的海浪很大。

6、习惯用法和固定搭配

To be or not to be, that is the question. 生存还是毁灭,这是值得考虑的。

T here is nothing like mineral water to quench one’s thirst. 矿泉水是解渴的最佳饮料。

Violent video games appeared no more likely to cause loss of temper than other forms of play. 含有暴力内容的电子游戏和其他形式的游戏一样,似乎都不太可能使人受挫发火。

You cannot praise the play too highly. 这出戏你怎么称赞也不过分。

These scientists could not believe the two Curies more. 这些科学家完全相信居里夫妇。

It will not be long before they understand the truth that study hard before it is too late. 他们大概不久就会理解要趁早努力学习的道理。

She won’t go away until you promise to help her.. 她要等你答应帮助她以后才肯走。

7、反说祈使句正译

No smoking!严禁吸烟!

No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced. 凭票退还押金。

Don’t lose time in posting this letter. 赶快把这封信寄出去。

英译汉中特殊否定的处理

1、双重否定

(1) 双重否定译肯定

There can be no sunshine without shadow. 有阳光就有阴影。

We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我们对生活要永远抱乐观态度。

Such mistakes couldn’t long escape notice. 这类错误迟早会被发觉的。

We can’t be too careful in doing this kind of experiments. 我们在做这类实验时应尽可能小心。(我们在做这类实验时再小心也不为过。)

(2) 双重否定译双重否定

There is no story without coincidence. 无巧不成书。

2、部分否定

Not all minerals come from mines. 并非所有矿物都来自矿山。

All that glitters is not gold. (= Not all that glitters is gold.)闪光的不一定都是金子。

Both of the substances do not dissolve in water. 不是两种物质都溶于水。

3、否定转移

We don’t believe that our mother tongue is inferior to any other languages in the world. 我们相信,祖国的语言并不亚于世界任何其他语言。

We do not live to eat, but eat to live. 我们活着不是为了吃饭,而吃饭是为了活着。

汉译英反转正

与英译汉正转反的道理相同,英语的一些否定式有时必须译成汉语的肯定式,反之,汉语的一些肯定式有时也必须译成英语的否定式。具体操作时,用英语的含蓄否定词或暗指否定词代替汉语

原文中的肯定词,进行与英译汉正转反的逆向操作即可。

1、名词

这就是墨守成规,不愿进步。This was a refusal to change, to make progress.

他们未能做出决定,这使她进退无门。 Their failure to come to a decision put her in an impossible position.

他们宁愿安逸于世,免除负担。They prefer family privacy and freedom from responsibility.

2、动词

她丈夫不愿意见到她。Her husband hates to see her.

这些争论解构有余,建构不足,甚至不顾基本文学事实。 These controversies focus on deconstruction rather than construction and some even ignore the basic literary facts.

3、形容词

这是千真万确的真理。This is an irrefutable truth.

他因为某种理由而没有出席会议。He was absent from the meeting for one reason or another.

4、介词和介词短语

他似乎想不出恰当的字眼来阐明自己的观点。He seemed to be at a loss for the precise words to elaborate his opinion.

他提前三天到达是我们没有想到的。His arrival three days in advance is beyond our expectation.

5、连词

还没到家,她就激动得不得了。She got extremely excited before she reached her home.

6、习惯用法和固定搭配

请勿大声喧哗。 Keep quiet.

禁止张贴 Posters Forbidden

毋庸置疑,中国的航空航天工业在过去的四十年中已取得了辉煌的成就。It is beyond doubt that China has made brilliant achievements in aviation and space industry in the last forty years.

7、含有否定意义的谚语和警句

—汉语中很多带有“不”、“无”、“非”、“未”、“没”的成语在英语中都被译成了正说的肯定式

充耳不闻turn a dead ear to

彻夜不眠stay up the whole night

好景不长pleasant hours fly fast

一成不变stick to the old form

朝不保夕may fall any moment

怒不可遏make one’s blood boil

麻木不仁dead to all feelings

弱不禁风as weak as water

有条不紊in perfect order

求之不得exceedingly welcome

白璧无瑕pristine and pure

风雨无阻in all weather

言之无物empty talk

遥遥无期in a distant future

走投无路be up against the wall

清白无辜have clean hands

座无虚席draw a full house

忍无可忍have exhausted one’s patience 茫无头绪lose the thread to

没精打采low in spirit

没大没小rude to one’s elders

口是心非play a double game

文过饰非cover up one’s errors

答非所问answer beside the point

未卜先知be able to foresee the future

没有不透风的墙Walls have ears.

天下无难事,只怕有心人When there is a will, there is a way.

欲速则不达Haste makes waste.

人不可貌相A fair face may hide a foul heart.

欲加之罪,何患无词He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick.

醉翁之意不在酒Many kiss the baby for the nurse’s sake.

远水救不了近火While the grass grows, the sheep starves.

汉译英正转反

虽然比汉译英反转正的情况少一些,但还是有一些时候,我们需要将汉语原文的正说译成英语译文的反说,英语译文可以使用not、no等否定词或否定前后缀的反说语句来处理。

1、名词

女人因缺点而美丽。Flawless makes women perfect.

2、动词

皮特急急忙忙地拆开了礼物。Peter uncover his gift in a hurry.

3、形容词

那个房间的窗总是关着的。The windows of that room were never open.

她每天都要面对一大堆家务。Housework at home is innumerous for her everyday.

4、介词

她光着脚走进了房间。She came into the room with no shoes on.

这个小孩现在完全能自己走路了。The child can walk without any help now.

5、副词

他一直希望自己能成为老板的助手。The idea that he should become an assistant to his boss has never deserted him.

6、习惯用法和固定搭配

法律面前,人人平等。Law is no respecter of persons.

翻译的正反译法

一.一.用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体动词: 1. 1.The ache that had persisted in his chest had turned to severe pain. 2. 2.“If we lose our lives, then you’ll lose yours!” she said with a laugh. 3. 3.If he had kept his temper, the negotiation would probably have been a success. 4. 4.The two teams tied. 二.二.用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜形容词: 1. 1.Appearances are deceptive. 2. 2.The teacher found some of the pupils absent. 3. 3.Her face had a strange, lost look. 4. 4.I’m terribly sorry to have given you such a lot of trouble. 三.三.用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜前置词: 1. 1.But that’s very extraordinary. It seems against nature. 2. 2.Never mind, we can manage without help. 3. 3.His answer is beside the mark. 4. 4.Under fifty people were there. 四.四.用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体名词: 1. 1.Her abstraction was not because of the tea party. 2. 2.He did not want to hurt her, but an itch to dominate push him on to say… 3. 3.Silence reigned all over for a while. 五.五.用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体副词: 1. 1.He said idly,“Well, what does it matter?” 2. 2.They resumed their seats moodily. 3. 3.She always seemed too busy in the house. 4. 4.Slowly he pulled the letter out of the envelope, and unfolded it. 六.六.用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体连接词: 1. 1.The stranger had already gone before he hurried to the hotel. 2. 2.She couldn’t sit still till her native country was free. 3. 3.They would rather have the blue one than the green one. 4. 4.You will fail unless you work harder. 七.七.用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体短语: 1. 1.You should seize the opportune moment to put in a word for me. 2. 2.The news of the assassination of President Lincoln spread like wild fire. 3. 3.The pioneers made light of difficulties and dangers. 4. 4.Miss Firelie kept to her room all day. 八.八.用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体从句或句子: 1. 1.As was expected, the enemy walked right into the trap. 2. 2.It had been six or seven hours since I had had anything to eat, drink or smoke. 3. 3.Mr. Will was a short and skinny white man with dark hair and gray eyes, a smile that seemed to be frozen on his face and everybody knew it was anything else but a genuine smile. 九. 试译下列各句,用正面表达法处理斜体部分: 1. For him the wheel of slumber was wont to turn noiseless and slick and swift. 2. Generally she accepted the family life in all its crowded inadequacy. 3. Jim was no end upset because he couldn’t go swimming. 4. Sir Percival’s spies were not going to lose sight of me.

考研英语翻译技巧

一、正反译法 1.T hose who would attain the heights reached and kept by great men must keep their faculties polished by constant use,so that they may unlock the doors of the knowledge,the gates that guard the entrances to the professions,to science,art ,literature agriculture---every department of human endeavor. 正说反译例句: 1.Admission by Invitation Only. 2.He loses no time in practicing English. 3.I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man. 译文:1.要想取得为人们所获得并保持的成就,人们就必须不断运用自身的才能,使其不会生锈,从而打开知识的大门,亦即那些通往人类努力探求的各个领域的大门,这些领域包括各种门类:科学、艺术、文学、农业等。(正说反译+词类转换) 1.非请勿入 2.他抓紧一切时间练习英语。 3.文章已拜读,没想到你这么年轻。 2,As Professor Nazemi refused to answer, a classmate offered, “Dude, you can use.” 再如:(1)The specification lacks detail. (2)Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged. (3)If we don’t get more money, community theater will cease to exist here. 译文 2,纳齐米教授不予回答,一个同学于是建议:“哥们,你可以告他。” (1)这份说明书不够详尽。 (2)润滑良好使轴承不易受损。 (3)如果筹措不到更多的资金,这里的社区剧院就将不复存在。 3,And I do know I’m going to lose. (1)Please keep the fire burning. (2)“Had you ever sen the man before then?”’No, I don’t. He was a total stranger.” (3)Some men of insight actively discourage people from excess consumption. 译文3,而我知道胜利肯定不属于我。 (1)别让火灭了。 (2)“你以前见过此人吗?”“没有。我根本不认识他。” (3)一些有识之士积极劝阻人们不要过量消费。

英语翻译的技巧及注意事项

英语翻译的技巧及注意事项 英语翻译必备的技巧及注意事项 我们在做翻译题型的时候,是必须要知道一些简单有效的技巧以及要注意的重要事项的。下面就让店铺给大家分享英语翻译必备的几个技巧以及注意事项吧,希望能对你有帮助! 英语翻译的7大技巧 一、增词 在段落翻译时,为了能充分的表达原文含义,以求达意,翻译时有必要增加词语来使英文的表达更加顺畅。例如:虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。 译文为: Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 其中间加上了增连词whereas,以使英语的句子表达更加有逻辑性。 二、减词 考生要明白,英语的表达倾向简洁,汉语比较喜欢重复,重复作为汉语的一种修辞手法,在某种场合下,重复的表达一个意思,是为了强调,加强语气。汉语中为了有更强的节奏感和押韵,也经常会出现排比句。考生在翻译这些句子时,为了符合英文表达的逻辑,就要有所删减或省略。例如:这是革命的春天,这是人民的春天,这是科学的春天!让我们张开双臂,热烈拥抱这个春天吧! 译文为:Let us stretch out our arms to embrace the spring, which is one of the revolution, of the people, and of science. 以上的汉语是比较重复的排比句,汉译英时考生要遵守英语的逻辑表达,加上定语从句来翻译,这样英文句子读起来也朗朗上口。 三、词类转换 英语语言的一个很重要的特点,就是词类变形和词性转换,尤其是名词、动词、形容词之间的转换。例如:她的书给我们的印象很深。 译文为:Her book impressed us deeply.

9 正反翻译法

正反翻译法 B 练习一 (1)If the weather holds a couple of days, the team of the explorers will set off. 假如天气三两天里保持不变,探险队就出发。 (2) The Foreign Minister doubted the desirability of a negotiation to be held at this time. 外交部长认为此时举行谈判并无必要。 (3) John dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the old lady. 约翰没有脱衣服就跳入水中并救出了那个老太太。 (4) The soldiers would rather fight to death before they surrendered. 战士们宁愿战斗到死而决不投降。 (5) While trade is good, money is very tight at present. 尽管生意不错,但目前资金仍然十分紧张。 (6) The rocket traveling in space is free from the earth’s gravity. 在太空飞行的火箭不受地球引力的控制。 (7) In the event of any contingencies beyond our control, we shall not be held responsible for the late delivery of the goods. 如果发生我们无法控制的意外事故,我方对迟交货物不负责任。 (8) Cowards die many times before their death; the valiant never taste of death but once. 怕死鬼还没死就死了许多次,而勇敢者只死一回。 (9) In the absence of a settlement through negotiation, the case under dispute can be submitted to arbitration. 如通过谈判找不到解决办法,争执之事可提交仲裁。 (10) While he liked her work, he pointed out areas where improvement was possible. 尽管他喜欢她的作品,但还是指出了其不足之处。 练习二 (1)Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午,学生全都要交论文。 (2) We are not completely satisfied with your manner of doing business. 贵方做生意的态度有待改进。 (3) After the ship unloads at the dock, the goods will go to the container freight station. 船在码头卸货后,货物将送往集装箱货运站。 (4) The doubt was still unsolved after her repeated explanations. 虽经她一再解释,疑团仍然存在。 (5) Their undisguised effort to persecute the leaders of opposition party met with nationwide condemnation. 他们对反对党人露骨的迫害行径受到全国各地的谴责。 (6) There is nothing like jogging as a means of exercise. 慢跑是锻炼身体最好的办法。 (7) The system of gas supply in the town leaves nothing to be desired. 这个城镇的煤气供应系统十分完善。 (8) Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized he was not alone in the garage. 他突然听见背后有声响,便立刻意识到车库里还有别人。

最新【翻译技巧】英语笔译技法——正反译法

1 【翻译技巧】英语笔译技法——正反译法 2 由于国家、历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性的不同,汉英两种语言在表达正3 说和反说时有很大差异,尤其英语在否定意义的表达上更为复杂,有时形式否定而实质4 肯定,或形式肯定而实质否定。在两种语言互译时,原文中正说的句子可能不得不处理5 成反说,或是用反说表达更为合适。反之亦然。翻译中,这种把正说处理成反说、把反6 说处理成正说的译法,就称为正反译法。 7 8 正反译法是翻译技巧中的一个重要方法,属于引申和修辞范围。 9 10 笼统的说,英语句子中含有“never”、“no”、“not”、“un-”、“im-”、11 “in-”、“ir-”、“-less”等否定词以及否定前缀或后缀的单词,以及汉语句子中12 含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、13 “勿”、“毋”等否定词的即为反说,不含有这些否定词的即为正说。 14 15 但实际操作时,正说和反说的界限又变得极为模糊,例如“correct”可以翻译成16 “正确”(正说),也可以翻译成“没有毛病”(反说)。因此,到底译文要采用正说还17 是反说,就完全要看译文语言的惯用表达和上下文的语气语态了。 18 19 在正反译法中,英译汉正转反(正说反译法)和汉译英反转正(反说正译法)是最20 为重要的两种正反译法。 21

22 英译汉正转反 23 24 英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的,虽然形式25 是肯定的,但这类词大多是某些肯定词所引申或变化出来的反义词,或经过长期历史演26 变而引申出其他否定词义,即所谓的“含蓄否定词”或“暗指否定词”,这类词在译成27 汉语时,需要变成汉语的否定词组,必要时还需要作词类转换。 28 29 1、名词 30 —含蓄否定名词主要有:shortness / shortage(不够;不足)、lack(缺乏;没31 有)、absence(不在)、failure(未能;不成功)、defiance(不顾;无视)、denial 32 (否认;否定)、exclusion(排除)、freedom(不;免除)、refusal(不愿;不允33 许)、loss(失去)等。 34 Shortness of time has required the omission of some states. 由于时间不够,35 没能访问那些国家。 36 37 Behave yourself during my absence. 我不在时要规矩点。 38 39 We were perplexed by his failure to answer the letter. 他何以不回信,我40 们大惑不解。 41 2、动词或动词短语 42

正反、反正表达法(翻译技巧)

正反、反正表达法(翻译技巧) Negation在语法与翻译两个不同学科中含义不尽相同。Negation 作为一种翻译技巧,它主要指在翻译实践中,为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思,有时必须把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法,或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。因此,翻译技巧中的Negation译成“正说反译、反说正译法”是比较合适的。而语法中的Negation则译成“否定”,因为它是指下面四种语言现象:1.Full negative(完全否定);2. Absolute negative(绝对否定);3. Semi negative(部分否定) ;4. Words, or phrases, with negative implication(含否定意义的词或短语)。前两种否定,除少数情况外,英语汉语中差别不大;而后两者否定,在英汉两种语言的运用中则差别较大,需要特别注意。从下面的例句中,可以体会“正说反译,反说正译”在翻译中使用的一些情况。 1.I don’t think Tom is correct. 我认为汤姆不对。(不译成:我不认为汤姆是不对的) 2.我想小李明天不会来了。 I don’t think Xiao Li will come tomorrow. (不译成:I think Xiao Li won’t come tomorrow.) 3. A: Are you not going tomorrow? B. No, I’m not going. 甲:你明天不去吗?

乙:是的,我不去。 4. ①Africa is not kicking out Western Imperialism ②in order to invite other new masters. ①非洲踢出西方帝国主义②并不是为了请进其他新的主子。(假如不运用“正说反译,反说正译”这一技巧,译文就会成为:“非洲不踢出西方帝国主义为了请进其它新的主子。”其义则大相径庭。) 5. The world today is far from peaceful. 今天的世界还很不安宁。(far from是一个形式上肯定而含有否定意义的短语或词组,所以要“正说反译”。) 6.我们的人民解放军无愧于伟大的人民军队的称号。 Our PLA is worthy of being called a great army of the people. 7. 他尽力克服技术资料的不足。 He tries his best to overcome the lack of technical data. 8. 窗户打不开。 The window refuses to open. 9. 昨天他没准时到校。

【翻译技巧】英语笔译技法——正反译法

【翻译技巧】英语笔译技法——正反译法 由于国家、历史、地理、社会文化背景和生活习性的不同,汉英两种语言在表达正说和反说时有很大差异,尤其英语在否定意义的表达上更为复杂,有时形式否定而实质肯定,或形式肯定而实质否定。在两种语言互译时,原文中正说的句子可能不得不处理成反说,或是用反说表达更为合适。反之亦然。翻译中,这种把正说处理成反说、把反说处理成正说的译法,就称为正反译法。 正反译法是翻译技巧中的一个重要方法,属于引申和修辞范围。 笼统的说,英语句子中含有“never”、“no”、“not”、“un-”、“im-”、“in-”、“ir-”、“-less”等否定词以及否定前缀或后缀的单词,以及汉语句子中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“勿”、“毋”等否定词的即为反说,不含有这些否定词的即为正说。 但实际操作时,正说和反说的界限又变得极为模糊,例如“correct”可以翻译成“正确”(正说),也可以翻译成“没有毛病”(反说)。因此,到底译文要采用正说还是反说,就完全要看译文语言的惯用表达和上下文的语气语态了。 在正反译法中,英译汉正转反(正说反译法)和汉译英反转正(反说正译法)是最为重要的两种正反译法。 英译汉正转反 英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的,虽然形式是肯定的,但这类词大多是某些肯定词所引申或变化出来的反义词,或经过长期历史演变而引申出其他否定词义,即所谓的“含蓄否定词”或“暗指否定词”,这类词在译成汉语时,需要变成汉语的否定词组,必要时还需要作词类转换。 1、名词 —含蓄否定名词主要有:shortness / shortage(不够;不足)、lack(缺乏;没有)、absence (不在)、failure(未能;不成功)、defiance(不顾;无视)、denial(否认;否定)、exclusion (排除)、freedom(不;免除)、refusal(不愿;不允许)、loss(失去)等。 Shortness of time has required the omission of some states. 由于时间不够,没能访问那些国家。 Behave yourself during my absence. 我不在时要规矩点。 We were perplexed by his failure to answer the letter. 他何以不回信,我们大惑不解。 2、动词或动词短语 —英语中常见的含蓄否定动词包括:refuse(不愿;不肯;无法)、lack(缺乏;没有)、defy (不服从;不遵守;不让)、forbid(不许)、stop(不准;别)、ignore(不理;不肯考虑;无视;不顾)、hate(不愿意)、miss(没听清楚;没赶上)等。 He refuses to come in. 他不愿意进来。(Chris TAO 于2012年10月22日归纳总结并存手稿。)

笔译正反表达法翻译句子

笔译正反表达法翻译句子 1. 笔译的习语翻译方法有哪些 一、增译法指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。 这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。 英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词。 因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。 因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。 另外,在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译文意思的完整。总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。 如:①、What about calling him right away?马上给他打个中国,你觉得如何?(增译主语和谓语)②、If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句)③、Indeed, the reverse is true. 实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词)④、就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词)⑤、只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。

5 正译法与反译法

第五讲正译法与反译法(Affirmative & Negative Translation) 1.英语和汉语中否定的不同表达方式(Differences in Expressing Negation in English and Chinese) 1) Chinese expressions of negation are comparatively simpler in form and easier to recognize for almost all the negative expressions contained negative markers such as “不”、“无”、“非”、“莫”、“勿”、“未”、“否”、“别”、“没有”and so on. 2) English negation is much more complex. Besides negative words, there are a large number of negative affixes (such as dis-, il-, in-, non-, un-, -less), and various words with implied negative meanings (such as fail, deny, defy, miss, lack, ignore, but, except, beyond, etc.), phrases (such as instead of, in place of, etc.) or some unique structures (such as more…than…, other than…, rather than…, etc.). 2.英译汉中的反译法(Negative Expressions in E-C Translation) 英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的,虽然形式是肯定的,但这类词大多是某些肯定词所引申或变化出来的反义词,或经过长期历史演变而引申出其他否定词义,即所谓的“含蓄否定词”或“暗指否定词”,这类词在译成汉语时,需要变成汉语的否定词组,必要时还需要作词类转换。 Examples a.Shortness of time has required the omission of some states. 由于时间不够,没能访问那些国家。 b. I missed what you said because of the noise outside. 由于外面的噪音,我没听清楚你说的话。 (更多例句参考第二篇7.7) 3.英译汉中的正译法(Affirmative Expressions in E-C Translation) 英语中明显使用not、no等否定词或否定前后缀的反说语句有时却是含有肯定的含义,在这种情况下,我们在译成汉语时,可以用肯定形式来表达。 Examples a. Scientists have unlocked the secret of the atom. 科学家们已经揭开了原子的秘密。 b. The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him. 归国的念头始终萦绕在他的心中。 (更多例句参考第二篇7.8) 4.英译汉中特殊否定形式的处理 1)双重否定(Double Negation) Examples a.There can be no sunshine without shadow. 有阳光就有阴影。 (Affirmative expression in Chinese) b.We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我们对生活要永远抱乐观态度。 (Affirmative expression in Chinese)) c.There is no story without coincidence. 无巧不成书。 (Negative expression in Chinese) (更多例句参考第二篇7.5)

0908技巧6正反译法

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