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词汇专题(2):英语高考词汇辨析及易错词汇辨析之名词

词汇专题(2):英语高考词汇辨析及易错词汇辨析之名词
词汇专题(2):英语高考词汇辨析及易错词汇辨析之名词

英语高考词汇辨析

及易混易错词汇辨析

(二)名词及其用法辨析

名词及其用法辨析

1)高考英语名词难点:

名词词义辨析、可数名词与不可数名词;抽象名词的具体化;名词的所有格;名词作定语以及名词固定习语;名词与主谓一致等。在学习过程中,要掌握常用名词的基本用法,注意一词多义和旧词新义。注意辨别词义及其用法时要结合语境。以下几组词是常见易混词难点:

(1)sound, noise与voice

sound,noise和voice这三个名词都可表示“声音”,但是,它们表示的“声音”并不相同。

sound作“声音”,“响声”讲时,可以指人或动物发出的声音,或物体碰撞的声言。这个词的使用范围很大。可以说,大自然的任何“声音”都可以用sound。

e.g.: At midnight he heard a strange sound. 半夜里,他听到一种奇怪的声音。

Light travels much faster than sound.光的传播速度比声音快得多。

noise意为“噪音”、“喧闹声”,常指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声。

e.g.: Don’t make any noise!别吵闹!The noise wakes me up.噪音吵醒了我!

voice一般指人的声音,说话、唱歌。谈笑都可用voice。sound和noise不仅能指人的声音,还可以表示别的动物发出的声音;而voice除了有时可指鸟的声音外,很少表示其它动物的声音。

e.g.: The girl has a beautiful voice. 那女孩嗓音很美。

They are talking in low voices.他们正小声交谈。

(2)family, house与home

family, 家庭,更多人文属性;house, 房子,物质属性;home,指“家、住所”,指一个人(或一家人)居住的地方,也可指一个人出生或长大的地方(乡村、城市或国家等),它具有house所没有的感情色彩(如团聚、思念等),家,家不一定有house;

family 的意思是“家庭、家庭成员”,与居住的房子无关。当family作为整体概念的“家庭”讲时是单数;当“家庭成员”讲时是复数。

e.g.: Mr. Green’s family is very large. 格林先生家里的人很多。

house 指“家”时含义较窄,仅指“房屋”这一建筑物,一般指独门独户的房子,不指楼房。

e.g.: New houses are going up everywhere. 到处都是新盖的房子。

There is a house near the river. 河边有座房子。

The American friends are leaving Beijing for home tomorrow. 明天美国朋友要离开北京回国了。

Lin Chong left home for Liang Mountain. 林冲离开家到梁山去了。

(3)sight, view, scene与scenery

sight则既可以指场景、眼前看到的景观,又可以指名胜、风景,但表示后者的含义时,习惯上要用复数。

e.g.: The sight was quite amusing. 这景象使人感到有趣。

We saw the sights of Hong Kong by bus. 我们乘公共汽车观看香港的风景。

Mary walked around the town, looking at the sights. 玛丽在城里到处转,逛各处景点。

view主要指从某处看到的东西或景象,有时也指“风景”,尤指自然美景(fine natural scenery)。

e.g.: From the window there was a clear view of the mountains. 从窗户往外看是一览无余的群山。

scene多指某一特定或具体场面所表示的“景色”、“场景”等,可以是室内的也可以是室外的、可以是城市的也可以是乡村的、可以是活动的也可以是静态的等。

e.g.: There are some pretty scenes in the park. 公园里有几处美丽的景色。

As he entered the room, he was confronted by a scene of disorder. 他进入房间,面对的是一幅乱糟糟的场面。

scenery 是表示“风景”的集合名词(不可数),主要指某一国家或地区的总体“景色或自然风景”,并侧重从“美”的角度加以考虑。

e.g.: What beautiful scenery! 真是风景如画!

We all enjoy mountain scenery. 我们都喜欢山景。

(4)produce, product与 production

三者均可表示“产品”,其区别是:produce 主要指农产品,是一个不可数的集合名词。

e.g.: We need some fresh produce. 我们需要一些新鲜的农产品。

The farmers brought their produce to town earlyeach Saturday morning. 每星期六清早农民们就把农产品运进城。

product 主要指工业产品,也可指农产品,是可数名词。如:

Our car is a product of that factory. 我们的车是那个工厂生产的。

The market sells food products. 这家商店出售食品。

注:有时用于引申义。如:He saw man as the product of society. 他把人看作是社会的产物。

production 通常不表示具体的产品,它主要指生产这一动作或过程,是不可数名词。

e.g.: The company is famous for the production of small cars. 这家公司以生产小型汽车闻名。

注:production 除表示“生产”外,还可指艺术作品,此时为可数名词。

e.g.:The theme of his late prodcutions was life and death. 他晚期作品的主题是生与死。

(5)training , practice 与drill

training 是普通用词,指身心有系统的发展,其目的是使之能熟练地掌握一些技能技巧,以适应某一目的的需要。

e.g.: He has had no college training. 他没有受过大学训练。

He went into training for the race. 他开始训练参加比赛。

practice 指把所学理论应用于实践中, 以便获得技巧或能力。

e.g.: Practice makes perfect. 熟练生巧。

It takes a lot of practice to play the piano well. 弹好钢琴需要大量的练习。

exercise 主要指进行体力上锻炼以增强力气或精力,也可指为复习知识或获得技能技巧而做的练习。

e.g.: Walking is good exercise. 散步是很好的运动。

We do English exercises to help us learn good English. 我们做英文练习以便学好英语。

drill 是指在老师或指挥人员的指导下进行系统的以及严格的训练,以达到高度自发的程度。

e.g.: The soldiers have drill every day. 士兵们每天操练。

Students of English should have a lot of oral drills. 学英语的学生应该多做口头练习。

(6)country,nation与state

country, nation, state这三个词意思都是“国家”。

country 着重指疆土、国土、家园,加the可以表示国民。

e.g.: Japan is an island country. 日本是一个岛国。

All the country voted yesterday.昨天全国都投票了。

nation 着重指人民,可译成“民族、国民(总称)”。

e.g.: He is loved by the whole nation. 他受到全体国民的爱戴。

state 着重指政权、国家机器。

e.g.: Railways in China belong to the state. 中国的铁路是国家所有。a head of state.国家元首。

(7) wage, salary, pay与income

从含义上看:income 指“收入”,可指挣来的收入,也可指非挣来的收入(如存款利息);salary与wage两者都指“工资、薪水”,在含义上这是两个互补的词,前者多指脑力劳动者的工资,通常按月或年发放,而后者多指体力劳动者的工资,通常按周、日或小时付给,多用复数形式;pay 则主要指因工作或劳动所获得的报酬,可包括salary和wage。

e.g.: Have you any income besides your pay?你除了工资外还有别的什么收入吗?

A postman’s wages are£180 per week.邮递员的工资为每周180英镑。

We expect a fair d ay’s wage for a fair day’s work.我们希望做好一天的工作就得到一天应得的工资。

This company is offering a salary of $ 50 000 per year.这家公司的年薪为50 000美元。

注:从可数性来看,income和salary根据情况可用作可数或不可数名词,wage通常用复数形式,但也可用单数形式,而pay通常只用作不可数名词。

2. 表示“收入或工资”的高低,根据情况可用 large, high, good, big, small, low, bad等形容词修饰,一般不

用 much, little。

E.g.: He has a large [high] salary. 他薪水很高。

Wages are high (low) in that country. 那个国家工资高(低)。

Her father earns a large (small) income. 她父亲收入高(低)。

注:在提问时,可用 how much。

E.g.:How much salary does the job pay? 这工作有多少薪水?

(8)variety与species

species和variety在表达“生物的种、类”这个意思的时候,两者是总、分关系。

variety在表达生物的种、类的时候,其程度会比species更细一点。同一个species下面可以有若干个variety。比如“犬科”底下又有各种品种的犬,每一个品种的犬又可以做各种划分。

此外,variety除了表达生物的种、类之外还有“各种”、“多样化”这样的意思。而species则还有“类型”、“物种”的意思。比如说“这一物种很珍贵”就用species,“这类人”、“这号人”可以用“the species”表达。而“这种狗适合狩猎”就适用variety。

E.g.: Hospitals deal with diseases of every variety. 医院诊治各种各样的疾病。

She made the children glad in a variety of ways.她用各种方法使孩子们高兴。

There are a variety of animals ranging from rabbits to tigers in the park , including a rarespecies of mon key.在这公园里有包括兔子和老虎在内的许多种动物,还有稀有动物猴子。

总之,variety是specie的一个组成部分。二者属于包含和被包含关系。

(9)purpose, aim, goal与target

这些名词均有“目标、目的”之意。aim 从本义“靶子”引申而来,侧重比较具体而明确的目标,但常指短期目标。如:You aim too low. (你志向太低。)goal 指经过考虑和选择,需经坚持不懈的努力奋斗才能达到的最终目标。如:When he at last arrived in Rome he felt he had reached his goal.(当他终于抵达罗马时, 他感到自己已达到了目的。)purpose 是普通用词,既指以坚决、审慎的行动去达到的目的,又指心中渴望要实际的目标。如:He returned to his homeland with the purpose of serving his own people.(他返回祖国, 意在为祖国人民服务。)target :指射击的靶,军事攻击目标。引申指被攻击、批评或嘲笑的目标。如:What's the target readership of this paper? (这份报纸以哪些人为读者对象?)

1.高考名词辨析主要考点:

考查名词词义辨析、同义词、近义词语境辨析、名词所有格、名词作定语、习惯搭配和抽象名词的具体化及惯用法等。

①名词词义辨析

同义词、近义词甚至是形近词有着不同的含义和适用场合,要特别注意在特定语境中准确运用词汇和语法知识的能力。平时要努力扩大词汇量,做题时要深入理解语境,整体把握,结合句意作出最佳选择。

②名词固定搭配

高考中常常借助名词的固定搭配在具体语境中的运用考查名词。解答此类试题,不仅要掌握名词的意义,体会语境,还要牢记常用的名词固定搭配。如:have/gain access to得以进入/会见/接近;take advantage of利用,趁……之机;make fun of取笑,嘲弄等。

③抽象名词具体化

抽象名词是表示状态、品质、情感等而没有实物的名词。抽象名词具体化后变成可数名词,前面可加不定冠词,用来强调其具体表现形式或表示某一次短暂的动作,常意为“一次……的事情;一个……的人;

名词作定语一般用单数形式,如a mountain village, stone houses, coffee cup,但man和woman作定语时要随着所修饰的名词的数的变化而变化。如:a woman doctor, two women doctors。

⑤名词的所有格

以s结尾的复数名词直接加“ ' ” 其余加“ 's ” ;a cat’s leg

以s结尾的人名加“ ' ”或加“ 's” 例如:

Have you read Robert Browning’s poems?你读过罗伯特-勃郎宁的诗吗?

但也可用于表示时间、城市、地域、团体、机构等非生命的事物。例如:

We accepted the invitation without a moment’s hesitation.

我们一点也没有犹豫就接受了邀请。

在某些习惯用语中,尽管是表示无生命的名词,也需要’s的所有格。例如:

The driver escaped the death by a hair’s breadth.那个司机这回真是九死一生。

另外,for friendship’s sake(为了友情),at a stone’s throw(一箭之远),at one’s finger’s tip(手头上有),at arm’s length(保持距离),at one’s wits’end(黔驴技穷)等都属此类。

of所有格用法

凡不能加’s的名词,都可以与of构成短语,来表示所有关系。无生命名词的所有格也可以这么用。例如:

Does anyone know the title of the novel?有谁知道这部小说的名字?

但有特殊情况:

This is a photo of my parents.

如果名词后面有一个较长定语,尽管名词表示有生命的东西,也可以用这种所有格形式。例如:Did you listen to the speech of the President Clinton over the radio?

你听了克林顿总统的广播讲话了吗?

⑥双重所有格。

当of短语所修饰的名词前有表示数量的词,如a/two/some/any/no等时,表示所有关系的of后加名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如:a friend of my brother's/his我弟弟的/他的一个朋友。

several students of Mr. Smith's/mine史密斯先生的/我的几个学生。

当of短语所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词表示一定感情色彩时,of后也用名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如:That little son of Xiao Li's/yours is really lovely.小李的/你的那个小儿子真可爱。

This invention of the professor's/his is of great importance.教授的/他的这项发明很重要。

高考英语词汇173单选题详解

英语词汇173题详解(1-39) 1. In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully _____. A.admitted B.acknowledged C.absorbe d D.considered [答案] D. considered [注释] considered 考虑; admit 承认; absorb 吸收。 [注意]acknowledge 1) (=agree or admit the truth of; confess) 承认, 供认; A. He acknowledged his mistake. (他承认了他的错误。) B. 接动名词He acknowledged having been beaten. (他承认被打败了。) 2) (express thanks for) 致谢; A. Mary acknowledged the gift with a pleasant letter. (玛丽致函感谢馈赠的礼物。) B. His long service with the company was acknowledged with a present. (向他赠送礼品以感谢他长期来对公司的服务。) 2. The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents' _____.

A. command B. conviction C. consent D. compromise [答案] C. consent [注释] consent 同意, 赞成, 答应。conviction 深信, 确信。compromise 妥协, 折中。command 命令, 指令; 掌握, 运用能力。3. Our research has focused on a drug which is so _____ as to be able to change brain chemistry. . powerful B. influential C. monstrous D. vigorous [答案] A. powerful [注释] powerful (=having or producing great power) 强有力的。在这里四个形容词中, 只有powerful (有效力的) 可与表示药物的名词搭配。influential 有影响的, 有势力的, monstrous 异常大的, vigorous 精力旺盛的, 强健有力的。 4. The lost car of the Lees was found _____ in the woods off the highway. A. vanished B. abandoned C. scattered D. rejected

高考必背英语词汇辨析

高考必背英语词汇辨析-B字头 1、base与basis 这两个词在作名词时可表示"基础;基地",但其意义是不同的。base用来指某物体的具体"基础"或底部的"支柱"。 例如: We camped at the base of the mountain.我们在山脚下扎营。 Our company's base is in New York , but we have extended many branches all around the world.我们公司的总部设在纽约,但是分公司遍及全世界。 而basis则用来表示抽象意义上的"基础",常用于比喻句。 What's the basis of your opinion?你的意见的根据是什么? We are willing to develop economic relations with all countries on the basis of mutual benefits.我们愿意在互利互惠的原则下同各国发展经济关系。 2、be about to 这个短语与"be to do","be going to do"两个短语都可用来表示"将要做某事,但含义和用法有所不同。be about to 从时间上来讲,等于be just going to do,意思是"即将,马上就要去做"。因此,在由这个短语构成的句子中,一般不可再加上表示时间的状语(如at once, next) 例如: I am about to leave for Shanghai.我将要去上海。 be to do主要表示安排或计划要在将来做的事情,它还可以表示命令等语气,相当于should, must 等。它可以同将来的时间状语连用。 例如: The US President Bill Clinton is to visit Japan next week.美国总统比尔?克林顿将于下周访日。The letter is to be handed to him in person.这封信必须面交他本人。 be going to do 一般可以和be to do 换用,它在通常情况下表示计划,安排或准备去做某事的意向,但并不一定马上去做。它一般都与时间状语连用;此外,它还可以用来表示某种推断或可能性。 例如:What are you going to do for your holiday?假期有什么打算吗? It's going to rain soon, look at those black clouds.看那些乌云,快要下雨了。

2015北京高考英语3050单词-Word版-打印版

2015高考3050单词 A a(an) abandon ability able aboard about above abroad absence absent absolute absorb abstract abuse academic accent accept access accident accommodation accompany account accurate accuse ache achieve achievement acid acknowledge acquire acre across act action active activity actor actress actual AD Ad = advertisement adapt add addition address adequate adjust administration admire admission admit adolescent adopt adore adult advantage adventure advertise advice advise advocate affair affect afford afraid Africa African after afternoon afterward(s) again against age agency agent aggressive ago agree agreement agriculture ahead aid AIDS aim air aircraft airline airmail airplane airport airspace alarm album alcohol alike alive all allergic allow allowance almost alone along alongside aloud alphabet already also alternative although altogether always a.m./am,A.M./AM amateur amaze amazing America ambassador ambassadress ambition ambulance among amount amusement analyse analyze analysis ancestor ancient and angry animal ankle anniversary announce annoy annual another answer ant Antarctic anxiety anxious any anybody anyhow anyone anything anyway anywhere apart apartment apologize apology apparent appeal appear appearance appendix appetite applaud apple application apply appoint appointment appreciate approach appropriate approval approve approximately apron architect architecture Arctic area argue argument arise arose arisen arithmetic arm

高考英语核心词汇详解讲解

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2010高考英语词汇练习及详解(3) 101. Professor Smith and Professor Brown will _____ in giving the class lectures. A. exchange B. alter C. shift D. alternate [答案]D. alternate. [注释]alternate vt./vi. 轮流,交替发生或出现:Wet days alternate with fine days.(晴雨天交替更迭。)The weather today will alternate between fine and cloudy.(今天的天气将是晴间多云。) shift般动,移动(vt.);转移到,迁移(vi.);改变:1)Lend me a hand to shift the piano, will you?(请帮个忙搬一下这台钢琴。) 2)They have shifted away from this area.(他们已从这一地区迁走了。) 3)The candidate is constantly shifting his opinion about the problem.(这位竞选者在这个问题上不断改变他的观点。) exchange交换;exchange... for ... 用.......换......;alter(部分)修改。 102. Pack the cake in a strong box, or it might get _____ in the post. A. splashed B. spilt C. crushed D. crashed [答案]C. crushed. [注释]crush压坏,压碎;弄皱;辗散;1)Don't crush this box; there are flowers inside.(不要把这个盒子压坏了,里面有鲜花。) 2)Her dress was crushed.(她的衣服弄皱了。) 3)The machine crushes wheat grain to make floor.(这台机器把麦粒辗成面粉。) splash溅,泼;split(中间)裂开;crash(向下)猛跌;(飞机)失事。 103. The thief _____ the papers all over the room while he was searching. A. abandoned B. vanished C. scattered D. deserted [答案]C. scattered. [注释]scatter(=throw or put in various directions, or here and there)撒。 abandon放弃,抛弃。desert遗弃(而离开)。vanish消亡,灭亡。本题句意是将小偷在搜寻钱时的情景,所以应选scattered(撒)。104. Today, housework has been made much easier by electrical _____. A. facilities B. appliances C. instruments D. equipment [答案]B. appliances. [注释]electric appliances电器用具,facilities公用设备。equipment设备,装备,是集合名词,指“设备”的总称,只有当数形式。instrument仪器。 105. The _____ of the trees in the water was very clear. A. mirror B. sight C. reflection D. shadow [答案]C. reflection. [注释]reflection此处意为“映在水中的倒影”,而不是“影子”或“阴影”,故不能用shadow。其他选择均不合题意。106. One _____ needed when making a cake is flour; another is sugar. A. container B. ingredient C. content D. equivalent [答案]B. ingredient. [注释]ingredient(混合物的)成分。container容器,含量;内容(复数)。equivalent:相等物。 107. They have been waiting for many hours to see the singer, but the airplane must have been _____. A. behind the times B. behind schedule C. ahead of time D. in no time [答案]B. behind schedule. [注释]behind schedule(=late, behind time)晚点:The train is running behind schedule today.(=The train is not on time today.)behind the times(=using things not in style; still following old ways; old fashioned)过时,跟不上时代,落后:1)The

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