大学英语四级模拟题十含答案

大学英语四级模拟题十

Part I Listening Comprehension (35’)

Section A

Directions:In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations and 1 long conversation.

At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about

what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only

once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must

read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best

answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single

line through the center.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡上对应题号作答。

1. A) At 9:15. B) Before 9:15. C) At 9:30. D) Before 9:50.

2. A) He does not understand it. B) He does not like it.

C) He is used to it. D) He does not have to take it.

3. A) They were in a doctor’s office.

B) They worked in the same office.

C) They were in a workshop.

D) They were talking in the weight lifting room at the gym.

4. A) Carry the suitcase with the woman.

B) Carry the suitcase upstairs.

C) Carry the suitcase up to the plane.

D) Carry the suitcase down to the ship.

5. A) At eight o’clock. B) At nine o’clock.

C) At ten o’clock. D) An hour later.

6. A) He broke his leg. B) He caught a cold.

C) He had a car accident. D) He didn’t like to go to dance with the girl.

7. A) He doesn’t know what he wants to do.

B) He likes to work this summer.

C) He wonders whether the woman has a job.

D) He can’t decide where to go on vacation.

8. A) At a hairdresser’s. B) At a tailor’s

C) At a photographer’s. D) At a butcher’s.

9. A) The content of the note book.

B) What the woman wrote in the note.

C) Why people are not allowed to talk in the library.

D) Whether people can smoke in the library.

10. A) Because it’s bad for her health. B) Because it had bad influences on children.

C) Because it makes him smell. D) Because it makes him cough.

Questions 11 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

11. A) He is not satisfied with his present job.

B) He worries too much about his grandmother.

C) People dislike his food.

D) He is going to be fired.

12. A) He learned it in a training center of cooking.

B) He learned it from his grandmother.

C) He learned it from his mother.

D) He learned it from his wife.

13. A) He dislikes other businessmen.

B) He wants to have more chance to go on business.

C) He doesn’t want to trouble others.

D) He wants to be self-employed.

14. A) Whether he would have enough funds.

B) Whether his food is to the customers’ taste.

C) Whether his family members would support him.

D) Whether he can pay less tax to the government.

15. A) Daniel gets encouragement from his friend Misha.

B) The two speakers haven’t seen each other for a long time.

C) Daniel wants to be in the food business.

D) Daniel’s grandmother is an experienced businesswoman.

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear 2 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be

spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best

answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the

corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡上对应题号作答。

Questions 16 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.

16. A) His age and appearance. B) His personality.

C) His scholarship. D) His relationship with students.

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17. A) No. Because he knows what he says in class will affect his students all their

lives.

B) Yes. But he never fails to apologize if he does.

C) No. Because he is always well prepared before stepping onto the platform.

D) Yes. But he is willing to learn.

18. A) Mutual respect and understanding. B) Mutual love and affection.

C) Mutual help and encouragement. D) Mutual trust and support.

19. A) He sees them all as talented young people.

B) He sees them all as self-centered individuals.

C) He sees them all each as understanding, respectful individuals.

D) He sees them each as an individual with a unique personality.

20. A) An ideal teacher should always set an example for his students.

B) Both teachers and students benefit in the process of teaching and learning.

C) Students should never expect their teachers to be ideal.

D) Those who are trying to improve themselves constantly are ideal teachers. Questions 21 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.

21. A) Not until 1609. B) In 59 B.C.

C) Much later than it did in China. D) In the early 17th century.

22. A) 700 years. B) Over 2000 years.

C) About 760 years. D) About 380 years.

23. A) In London, Great Britain. B) In Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

C) In Boston, the United States. D) In Rome, Italy.

24. A) English language newspapers. B) Chinese language newspapers.

C) Japanese language newspapers. D) German language newspapers.

25. A) Japan is the country where people read more newspapers.

B) Boston seems to be the center of the world’s newspaper industry.

C) More people read newspapers in Chinese than in any other languages.

D) China developed newspaper printing long before any other country in the

world.

Section C

Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the

passage is read for the second time, fill in the blanks with the exact words

you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you

should check what you have written.

注意：此部分试题请在答题纸上作答。

Books are __26___ of human race and reading is very important for us to __27__ our knowledge. As we know, the world is changing all the time and __28__ is being

made in very field. If we don't keep reading, we will only have an __29__ mind. In

addition, reading not only makes us __30__, but also makes us enjoy our lives. There are

so many books in the world. Even if we read all our lives and didn’t do anything else, we

still couldn’t read all the books __31__. And besides, some books are not very useful and

some are even __32__. Therefore, it is quite necessary for us to choose good books. The

books chosen should be beautiful in both __33__ and language. We should also __34__

our method of reading. Books useful to our profession should be read attentively and

repeatedly. Best sellers and __35__ can be read for enjoyment. If the book is our own, we

can make marks or even write down our opinions in the margin. In practice, everyone

can find the best way of reading.

Part II Vocabulary and Structure (10’)

Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best

completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet

with a single line through the center.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡上对应题号作答。

36. Sharing is the _____ of friendship.

A) fact B) importance C) essence D) sense

37. Fresh air is ______ to good health.

A) fundamental B) primary C) elementary D) characteristic

38. Thousands of home buyers were _____ into buying homes at inflated prices.

A) betrayed B) driven C) deceived D) convinced

39. If you ______ causing troubles, the company will have to dismiss you.

A) persevere in B) persist in C) insist with D) insist in

40. The government has ______ a new law to limit the number of the foreign workers.

A) brought about B) brought in

C) brought forward D) brought up

41. Although the two players are _______ in the tennis court, they are really good

friends.

A) partners B) enemies C) companions D) rivals

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42. I ______ a log cabin in the woods.

A) came over B) came through C) came out D) came upon

43. They tried to _____ him of their willingness to participate in the campaign for

women’s rights.

A) assure B) insure C) reassure D) confirm

44. The police accused him of setting fire to the building but he denied ______ in the

area on the night of the fire.

A) to be B) to have been C) having been D) be

45. He has been ill for several days. _____, he was absent from school yesterday.

A) As a result B) However C) Nevertheless D) Otherwise

46. He doesn’t _____ as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible.

A) equal B) qualify C) compete D) fit

47. The police were suspicious ____ Simpson because his story did not quite make

sense.

A) to B) at C) on D) of

48.The fish has a ______ smell. Do you think it’s all right?

A) specialized B) peculiar C) particular D) specific

49. ______ you have any problems, please do not hesitate to ask me.

A) Will B) Can C) May D) Should

50. She may be slow, but _____ she is reliable.

A) at least B) in no way C) at most D) so far

51. Many people prefer large cars, ______large cars are safer than small ones.

A) think B) to think C) thinking D) having thought

52. China has got a good _______ for fighting against the flu with its careful and

smooth organization.

A) reputation B) influence C) impression D) knowledge

53.The old lady was _____ that her son would come back home to celebrate her birthday.

A) convinced B) convincing C) convenient D) comfortable

54. Without your help, we _____ so much.

A) won’t achieve B) didn’t achieve

C) don’t achieve D) wouldn’t have achieved

55. It is essential that everyone ____ for emergency.

A) be prepared B) is prepared C) preparing D) is preparing

Part III Reading Comprehension (30’)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank

following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making

your choices. Each choice in the blank is identified by a letter. Please mark

the corresponding letter for each item on the Answer Sheet. You may not use

any of the words in the bank more than once.

注意：此部分试题请在答题纸上作答。请在空格内填写单词前的字母选项，不要填

写单词。

Young Albert was a quiet boy. He spoke __56__ at all until 3. His parents might have thought him ___57__, but they found that when he did speak, he’d say the most

unusual things. When Albert was 5 years old and sick in bed, he was given a __58___

that did stir his ___59___. It was the first time he had seen a compass. He lay there

___60___ and twisting the odd thing, certain he could __61__ it into pointing off in a

new direction. But try as he might, the compass needle would always find its way back to

pointing in the direction of north. “A __62__,” he thought. The __63__ force that guided

the compass needle was __64__ to Albert that there was more to our world that meets the

eye. There was “something behind things, something deeply __65__.”

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.

Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may

choose a paragraph more than once.

注意：此部分试题请在答题纸上作答。

Why DIY ?

A) The reasons why people engage in DIY have always been numerous and complex. For some,

DIY has provided a rare opportunity for creativity and self-expression. For others it has been an

unwelcome necessity, driven purely by economic considerations. Then there has been a group

which feels that a building can never be a home unless it has been altered and modified to reflect a

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change of occupancy. A final group has traditionally taken the line that if you want a job done well, you must do it yourself.

B) The same four basic species of DIY ers exist today, although these various motives may now overlap very substantially. The perfectionist in search of the good job done well is often also driven by a desire for creativity. There are also two new categories of motive — the pursuit of DIY as a leisure activity and DIY as a form of occupational therapy. These , again, overlap with other reasons.

DIY as necessity

C) There is a significant number of young homemakers (38% of our informants) for whom there is no option but DIY. Their new home, whether bought on a mortgage which consumes a major slice of their income, or rented at similarly challenging rates, will often require essential rearrangement and even structural repair. Some of these people are reluctant first-time DIY ers. They would much prefer to hire professionals, but can’t afford to do so. The majority, however, welcome the opportunity that need has forced upon them to get involved for the first time in the real business of creating a home -with all of its unfamiliar physical labour and the learning from scratch of new techniques. In time, many will migrate to one of the other categories of DIY er, continuing to exercise their new found talents and enthusiasm when no longer forced by financial constraints to do so.

DIY as territorial marking

D) Even those who have bought a brand new “starter home”, the type which increasingly gains popularity around the edges of our towns and cities, will feel compelled to add personal touches of a less dramatic kind to disguise its otherwise bland and expressionless nature. Putting a “personal stamp on the place” was one of the most frequently reported motives for DIY, with 72% of sample seeing this as being a very important aspect.

DIY as self-expression

E) Many young people today are frustrated artists — their latent creative talents just waiting for the chance to reveal themselves. There are also those seeking opportunities for a sense of achievement and personal fulfillment. DIY provided just such opportunities for the overwhelming majority of our informants (84%). This sense of creative achievement comes both from the choices made by the first-time DIY er — the selection of colors, textures and components to apply to the “canvas” of the home — and from the application of specific skills and techniques. The manufacturers of DIY materials clearly understand this and now provide a wide range of “arty” products to fuel creative urges. At the same time, they make the materials themselves much easier

to use — the DIY equivalent of painting by numbers. Special paint effects, which once required

the specialist knowledge and training of the true professional, can now be achieved straight out of

the can with a simple brush.

DIY as perfection-seeking

F) A large proportion of first-time DIY ers (63%) distrust builders and decorators. They feel that

most are “cowboys” and that even the more reputable ones are very unlikely to have the same

loving attention to detail and care as the DIY er. Within this group there were those who were

content for builders to perform basic or structural work and to undertake tasks such as plastering

which are beyond the competence of most DIY ers, particularly the younger novices in our sample.

The finishing work, however, was something these people kept for themselves —the final

“perfecting” of what otherwise would be just a mediocre result.

G) This drive for perfection was also evident among the “strippers” in this group. The idea of

putting wallpaper over existing paper, or even paint on the top of preceding coats, was anathema.

Everything needed to be taken back to the bare plaster or the naked wood before any new

decoration could be applied. Some informants recognized that this search for perfection could

sometimes go too far: “It’s an obsession for me really. I’m never happy with anything.” The

problem perfectionists face is that progress can be very slow. When perfectionists are obliged, by

nagging or circumstance, to speed things up, other problems can result.

DIY as leisure activity

H) For a significant minority of first-timers (28%), DIY is seen as a novel and entertaining pastime.

It is not really work, but something akin to entertainment, shared by both partners and even the

children in the case of young families. “It’s just great fun” enthused one of our sample. The idea

that DIYing is akin to a trip to the lions of Longleaf may seem strange. But for these informants

homemaking was sufficiently different from, and infinitely preferable to, the dull routines of

weekday work to constitute a weekend break. The results of such activity were rewarding, but

probably less so than engaging in the activity itself.

DIY as therapy

I) “It’s therapeutic,isn’t it? I’m always in my own little world when I’m doing DIY —it’s

great. ” So said a young man of 27 in our sample. “For me it’s occupational therapy”, said another

informant. For them and others it was their way of getting rid of stress after a long day at work —

a way of switching off and using the repetitive nature of many DIY tasks as a way of relaxing.

Others hinted at a similar process, where DIY was almost an end in itself, rather than just a means

to achieving a better home. In this sense they were similar to those who saw DIY as a form of

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leisure, but it was the psychological effects which were emphasized by 18% of our sample.

66. It’s found that most young DIY beginners are not competent for plastering.

67. A brand new “starter home” becomes more and more popular around the border of towns

and cities.

68.Besides the traditional motives of DIY , the new categories of motive include the pursuit of

DIY as a leisure activity.

69.To those young homemakers, buying a new home on mortgage is as challenging as renting a

house.

70.About twenty-eight percent of the first-timers consider DIY as a novel and entertaining

pastime.

71.A large part of first-time DIY ers use the term “cowboys” to refer to builders and decorators.

72.“Strippers” are those people who are dr iven by the pursuit of DIY as perfection.

73.Those reluctant first-time DIY ers think it preferable to hiring professionals to do the

homemaking.

74.People who take DIY as a form of leisure and those who take DIY as therapy similarly think

of DIY as almost an end in itself.

75. At present, special paint effects can be achieved by any DIY ers with simple tools.

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices

marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the

corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡上对应题号作答。

Passage One

Questions 76 to 80 are based on the following passage.

Going shopping seems easy, but actually it takes a lot of learning, especially in America. In fact, many Americans who are not so well-off often shop at “sales” or at special stores that sell things at low prices, which you may find interesting. In America the important rule of dressing is that one should change his/her clothes everyday. For example, in an American college, neither professors nor students are seen in the same clothes two days in a row. So you may find it necessary to buy more clothes than you have in China. While you are shopping in the States, you will discover that prices range considerably from time to time. The purchase of used, second-hand clothing, furniture, or other household articles may be an excellent way of saving money. Most second-hand clothes are of pretty good quality. If you are going to settle down in the States and want some

furniture, you may go to a “loan closet”, where furniture rents at low cost, or you may

also go to a “furniture exchange” place in the community.

Sheets, blankets, and other bedclothes go on sale in most communities twice a year.

Advertisements for “white sales”, that is , sales on bed linen, towels, etc, often appear in

January, as well as in May, June or July. Once or twice every season, there will be

“garage sales”, where you can get almost anything, from a yacht to a pair of shoes, at

low prices. Prices at “discount stores” and “thrift shops” are also as low as you can

imagine.

76.Shopping in the United States _____.

A) requires some learning B) seems easy for Americans

C) is very easy for foreigners D) is only for “well-off” people.

77. Americans change their clothes daily, because _____.

A) people take it as a rule B) clothes are sold at low prices

C) they enjoy doing so D) everyone is very “well-off”

78. People shopping in America will discover _____.

A) American goods are excellent B) Most clothes come from China

C) Used clothes are of poor quality D) Prices vary much sometimes

79. A person who needs furniture can _____.

A) exchange their goods for furniture

B) settle in a place that has furniture

C) rent some at low cost

D) get some free of charge

80. At a “white sale”, one can buy _____.

A) almost anything B) sheets, cooking utensil, etc.

C) shoes at low prices D) bed linen, towels, etc.

Passage Two

Questions 81 to 85 are based on the following passage.

Sometimes, people simply do not realize they are being ill mannered. Take Ted, for example. He prides himself on speaking his mind, and has something to say on

everything. But his frankness is often extremely embarrassing.

He is incapable of saying, I thought that last advertising campaign had a lot of good ideas in it, but perhaps next time we could give the copy more vitality.

Instead, he would say, “That campaign was a disaster. A child of three could have done better! ”

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The fact that he is often right does not help. Other employees dislike his manner even more, but he is too insensitive to notice.

Another character among the list of ill-mannered employees is Sally, who seems to regard just being at work as a severe punishment. Everything is done unwillingly. Asking her to do a task beyond her basic job description is often not worth the trouble. It will be done, but only half-heartedly.

Fergus is just the opposite. He shows an over-familiarity to his boss. When an important visitor is shown into the manager’s office, Fergus cannot take the hint and leave. Instead he will attempt to take p art in the conversation, declaring, “You can talk in front of me. Henry and I don’t have many secrets, do we?” Over the years Fergus has fallen behind his former equal. But he seeks to maintain the same close relationship that maintain the same close relationship that he imagines existed in their younger days.

81. Which of the following words describes Ted best?

A) Cold B) Tactless C) Stupid D) Warm-hearted.

82. It can be inferred from the passage that Ted ______.

A) is well-known for his honesty

B) tends to blame others rather than himself

C) often gives the right idea in the wrong way

D) is treated unfairly by the manager

83. Which of the following is true about Sally?

A) She thinks it’s unfair to have so much work to do.

B) She is unhappy to help others.

C) She hates being ordered about.

D) She does everything half-heartedly.

84. From the passage, we can infer that Fergus_______.

A) was once close to all his colleagues

B) has remained in the same position for years

C) doesn’t know what a hint is

D) knows everything that happens in the office

85. The writer is taking the point of view of ______.

A) a colleague B) people like Ted

C) an employee D) a manager

Part IV Translation (10’)

Directions:For this part, translate the following Chinese into English.

注意：此部分试题请在答题纸上作答。

86. 尽管我承认有问题存在，但我并不认为这些问题不能解决。(while)

87. 大会报告人原来是我的一位老朋友的女儿。(turn out)

88. 思想是通过语言来表达的。(by means of)

89. 知道原理是一回事，但要付诸实践又是另外一回事。

(it’s one thing… it’s another…)

90. 他饮酒过量，对身体不好。（more…than…）

Part V Writing (15’)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the topic The

two-day weekend. You should write at least 120 words, but no more than 180 words

following the outline given below:

1. 双休日给大学生带来的好处?

2. 双休日可能给大学生带来的问题?

3. 我应当怎样过好双休日

注意：此部分试题请在答题纸上作答。

大学英语四级模拟题十答案

Part I Listening Comprehension (35’)

Section A (1’×15=15’)

1-5 BBABA 6-10 ABABB 11-15 A BDBD

Section B (1’ ×10=10’)

16-20 ADADB 21-25 BCBAD

Section C (1’ × 10=10’)

26. treasures 27. enrich 28. progress 29. empty 30. smart

31. published 32. harmful 33. content 34. pay attention to 35. science fictions

Part II Vocabulary (0.5’ × 20=10’)

36-40 CACBB 41-45 DDACA 46-50 BDBDA 51-55 CAADA

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Part III Reading Comprehension (1’ × 30=30’)

Section A

56-60 BGDCJ 61-65 NKHEA

Section B

66-70 FDBCH 71-75 FGCIE

Section C

76-80 AADCD 81-85 BCBBD

Part IV Translation (10’)

86. While I admit that there are problems, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.

87. The lecturer at the conference turned out to be the daughter of an old friend of

mine.

88. Thoughts are expressed by means of language.

89. It’s one thing to understand the principles, it’s another to put it into practice.

90. He drinks more wine than is good for his health.

Part V Writing (15’)

open

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大学英语四级模拟试题四(附含答案解析)

大学英语四级模拟题四 Part One Reading Comprehension (2’×10 = 20’) Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Air pollution can spread from city to city. It even spreads from one country to another. Some northern European countries have had “black snow”from pollutants that have traveled through the air from other countries and have fallen with the snow. So air pollution is really a global problem. Air pollution can kill babies, older people, and those who have respiratory（呼吸的）diseases. As found in cities, air pollution increases the risks of certain lung diseases. Air pollution can cause both airplane and car accidents because it cuts down visibility （能见度）. There are other possible health dangers from air pollution that we don’t know much about. For example, scientists are trying to find out whether chemicals that reach us from the air may cause changes in our cells. These changes might cause babies to be born with serious birth defects. Scientists are trying to learn how all the many chemicals are apt（易于的）to take into our bodies from air, water, food, and even medicines act together to affect our health and the way our bodies work. That is another reason why it is so important to begin to control pollution now instead of waiting until we learn all the answers. Air pollution costs us a lot of money. It corrodes（腐蚀）our buildings. It damages farm crops and forests. It has a destructive effect on our works of art. The cost of all this damage to our government is great. It would be much more worthwhile, both for us and for the government, to spend our tax dollars on air pollution control. 1. Air pollution may lead to airplane accidents because . A. it may cause pilots to be ill B. engines may fail from the air-borne dirt C. visibility is reduced D. it brings a lot of black snow 2. Scientists are trying to find a link between pollution and . A. intelligence levels B. birth problems C. man’s behavior D. the nervous system 3. Scientists have not yet determined . A. all of the effects of pollution on the human body B. how pollution can be controlled successfully C. when the atmosphere first became polluted D. how some snow becomes black 4. The author suggests that before air pollution becomes more serious, . A. factories will be forced to stop operating B. buildings should be protected C. the earth will begin to grow colder D. more money should be spent to solve the problem 5. We can conclude that . A. civilization may be ruined if pollution is not controlled B. pollution is more serious in Europe than it is in America C. most people do not know that pollution is a serious problem D. we should learn all the answers before we begin to control pollution Passage Two Stiletto heels could be banned from the workplace because of health and safety reasons, according to British Trade Union bosses. The Trade Union Congress, predominantly male, has proposed a motion arguing that high heels are disrespectful to women while they also contribute to long term injuries. They propose instead that women wear “sensible shoes”with an inch heel limit in an attempt to avoid future foot and back pain as well as injuries. The motion is due to be debated at next month’s conference. The motion states: “Congress believes high heels may look glamorous on the Hollywood catwalks but are completely in appropriate for the day-to-day working environment. Feet bear the burden of daily life, and for many workers prolonged standing, badly fitted footwear, and in particular high heels can be a hazard. Around two million days a year are lost through sickness as a result of lower limb disorders. Wearing high heels can cause long-term foot problems and also serious foot, knee and back pain and damaged joints. Many employers in the retail sector force women workers to wear high heels as part of their dress code. More must be done to raise awareness of this problem so that women workers and their feet are protected.” Nadline Dorries, the Tory Member of Parliament, however criticized the motion and said the extra height heels give women can help them when in the workplace. “I’m 5ft 3in and need every inch of my Christian Louboutin heels to look my male colleagues in the eye,”she said. “If high heels were banned in Westminster, no one would be able to find me. The Trade Union leaders need to get real, stop using obvious sexist tactics by discussing women’s

大学英语四级考试专项练习题：完形填空(一)

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Calculate for a moment what could be done with even a part of those hours. Five thousand hours, I am told, are what a typical college undergraduate spends working on a bachelor's degree. In 10,000 hours you could have learned enough to become an astronomer or engineer. You could have learned several languages fluently. If it appealed to you, you could be reading Homer in the original Greek or Dostoyevsky in Russian. If it didn't, you could have walked around the world and written a book about it. The trouble with television is that it discourages concentration. Almost anything interesting and rewarding in life requires some constructive, consistently applied effort. The dullest, the least gifted of us can achieve things that seem miraculous to those who never concentrate on anything. But Television encourages us to apply no effort. It sells us instant gratification(满意). It diverts us only to divert, to make the time pass without pain. Television's variety becomes a narcotic(麻醉的), nor a stimulus. Its serial, kaleidoscopic (万花筒般的)exposures force us to follow its lead. The viewer is on a perpetual guided tour: 30 minutes at the museum, 30 at the cathedral, 30 for a drink, then back on the bus to the next attraction—except on television., typically, the spans allotted arc on the order of minutes or seconds, and the chosen delights are more often car crashes and people killing one another. In short, a lot of television usurps(篡夺;侵占) one of the most precious of all human gifts, the ability to focus your attention yourself, rather than just passively surrender it. Capturing your attention—and holding it—is the prime motive of most television programming and enhances its role as a profitable advertising vehicle. Programmers live in constant fear of losing anyone's attention—anyone's. The surest way to avoid doing so is to keep everything brief, not to strain the attention of anyone but instead to provide constant stimulation through variety, novelty, action and movement. Quite

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