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非谓语动词

第五章非谓语动词

一．不定式

1．定义：具有名词、形容词及副词性质并具有时态、语态变化。

to be doing

to have done to have been done

to have been doing

3．用法：

（1）用作主语：

To speak good English is not easy.

or: It is not easy to speak good English.

（采用形式主语it 以避免头重脚轻）

It took me an hour to do the work.

（2）用作宾语：

She decided to take the examination.

I hope to meet him soon.

（3）宾语补足语：

They expected usto help them.

Hewants his son to study hard.

重点：

不定式作宾补，如谓语动词是感官动词，使役性动词（see, hear, notice, watch, make, have, let...），则不定式符号“to”须省略，但在被动语态中不能省。

I heard them sing in the classroom.

I made her clean the room.

The girl is heard to sing an English song.

（4）用作表语：To teach is to learn.

His job is to sell cars.

（5）用作状语，表示目的，结果。

We come to school to study English.（目的）

= in order to

I hurried to the store, only to find it closed.（结果）

（6）定语：不定式短语作定语须位于名词之后。

He asked for a piece of paper to write it on.

= to write it on the piece of paper.

The poor man has no houseto live in.

= to live in the house.

Have youanythingto do?

= to do anything

4．不定式的时态意义：

She seems to dance very well.（现在情况）

She seems to be dancing in the dancing hall.（正在进行）

She seems to have danced well.（过去情况）

Has was happy to have been staying with his uncle.（动作持续一段时间）

5．不定式语态：

The doctor recommended him to air the room.

The doctor recommended the room to be aired.

She expects the police to find her bicycle.

She expects her bicycle to be found by the police.

She felt a bit puzzled as he had asked her such a question.

She felt a bit puzzled to have been asked such a question.

6．不定式否定形式：not to do ...

He got up early in order not to miss the train.

测试精编

1. Did you find out ________ the pie out of oven?

A. to take

B. have taken

C. when to take

D. being taken

2. You would be irritated if you watched the mail ________ on your desk every day.

A. putting up

B. to be put up

C. to pile up

D. pile up

3. We shall set Jim ________ the passage.

A. explaining

B. explained

C. to explain

D. explain

4. In fact, she would rather leave for San Francisco ________ in Los Angeles.

A. tostay

B. than stay

C. than staying

D. than have stayed

5. Madame Curies is believed ________ the radium.

A. discovering

B. having discovered

C. to have discovered

D. to discover

二．动名词：

1．动名词定义：具有名词性质，可在句中担任主语，宾语表语，定语，具有所有格作修饰语。

2．形式：以do为例

doing →being done

having done →having been done

3．用法：

（1）主语：

Saving is easier than doing.

His cominghere will be a great help.

Itis no use waitinghere, he has left.

Itis no goodsmoking.

There is no getting along with him.（简直无法和他相处）

……以上例句皆必须要背诵！……

（2）表语：His job is keeping the hall clean as possible.

Seeing is believing.

（3）宾语：

a. 动词宾语：He admitted takingthe book.

I do mind your smoking here.

要点，下列动词须跟动名词作宾语：

admit, appreciate, avoid, complete, delay, deny, enjoy, fancy, finish, mind, practice, resent, risk, suggest, allow, permit...

特注：以allow为例：allow + doing sth（动名词作宾语）。但可以：Allow sb to do sth（不定

式作宾补）。

这类动词常见如advise, allow, permit, recommend, etc.

b. 作介词宾语：

He left without saying goodbye to us.

I'm looking forwardto meeting you.（to 在这里是介词）

（4）定语：

readingroom swimmingpool walking stick

4．动名词复合结构：由名词所有格或物主代词与动名词构成。

His leavingis a great loss.

Mother dislikes my (me)working late.

John's having seen her did not make her worried.

注：动名词复合结构多作主语或宾语，作主语是必须是所有格。如上二例，但作宾语时可以用所有格，也可用普通格。（解释得很拗口，请将例句看透即可！）

5．动名词时态：

I am thinking ofsetting a new dictionary.（以后）

He never talked to me about his having been in Paris.（以前）

6．动名词语态：

He doesn't like being flattered.

I heard ofhis having been chosen to be the coach of the team.

7．动名词与不定式在用法上的几点比较：

（1）在begin，start，continue 等词后用动名词或不定式区别不大。

He began writing / to write in 1980.

（2）下列动词跟不定式或动名词所表示意义差别很大，注意使用。（用心咀嚼！）

He stopped talking. 停止讲话。

He stopped to talk. 停下来开始讲话。

Please remember to post the letter. 记住寄走这封信。

I remember posting the letter. 我记得寄出了这封信。

I forgot to lock the door yesterday. 昨天我忘记锁门了。（未锁）

I forgot telling him the news. 我忘了我曾告诉过他这个消息。（做过的事情忘记了）

测试精编：

1.The workers favor ________ funds to build the bridge.

A. to raise

B. raising

C. raised

D. rising

2. No one can avoid ________ by one's surroundings.

A. to be influenced

B. having influenced

C. influencing

D. being influenced

3. She doesn't feel like ________ tonight.

A. dancing

B. to dance

C. dance

D. to be dancing

4. Does Mr Wang object to ________ her the money?

A. that we lend

B. be lent

C. lending

D. lend

5. I can still recall ________ with him many years ago.

A. to stay

B. to staying

C. to have stayed

D. having stayed

三．分词

1．分词的性质：

具有形容词性质，可以在句中担任表语、定语、宾补、状语，现在分词表示主动，且动作在

进行：过去分词表示被动，或动作已完成。

2．分词的形式：

例：write (vt) rise (vi)

过去分词

现在时writing being written rising risen /

完成时having written having been written having risen /

3．分词的用法：

（1）定语分词置于被修饰名词前

分词短语于置于被修饰名词后

a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping

a running dog = a dog which is running

a broken glass = a glass which is broken

a beaten team = a team which is beaten（beaten 是被打败的意思）

This is the problem discussed at the last meeting.

The problembeing discussed is very important.

（2）表语：The book is interesting.

He is interested in the book.

The news is exciting.

He feels excited.

（3）宾语补足语：

When I woke up, I found my mother sitting beside me.

I'd like to havethis package weighed.

掌握精髓：动词不定式作宾语表示动作的全过程，而现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示被动概念。

（4）状语：（以下例句值得一背！）

①If you turn to the left, you'll find the station.

→Turning to the left, you'll find the station.

②As I didn't receive her letter, I called her up by telephone.

→Not receiving her letter, I called her up by telephone.

③While I was walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.

→Walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.

④When she was asked it she had any bad habit, she answeredthat she was a heavy smoker.

→Asked if she had any bad habit, she answered that she was a heavy smoker.

你知道吗？注意：在运用此类句型时主语前后要保持一致。

①When school was over, the boys went home.

→Being over, the boys went home. ×

School being over, the boys went home. √

②As my homework has been done, I have nothing else to do.

→My homework having been done, I have nothing else to do.

②If weather permits, I'll start tomorrow.

→Weather permitting, I'll start tomorrow.

③If we judge from his face, he must be ill.

→Judging from his face, he must be ill.（这里应该是we judging ...，但若主语是we, one, you

表示“一般人”，主语可省略）

4．分词的时态：

现在分词一般时表示此动作与主句谓语动词同时发生。

现在分词完成时表示此动作在主句谓语动词之前发生。

Enteringthe room, hesaw he. （几乎同时）

Not having triedhis best, hefailed in the exam. （分词动作在前）

5．语态：现在分词一般时被动表动作正在被进行，完成时被动强调分词所表示的动作先被完成。

The ships being loaded and unloadedbelong to us.

Having been warned of typhoon, the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor.（渔民先被告知而后驶向港口）

测试精编：

Exercises:

1. The ________ news made them ________.

A. excite / exciting

B. exciting / excited

C. exciting / to be excited

D. excited / excited

2. ________ an answer from the committee, he was worried.

A. Having not got

B. Getting not

C. Not having got

D. Having not been got

3. ________, all the quarrels came to an end.

A. The lost money was found

B. Was the lost money found

C. Because the lost money found

D. With the lost money found

4. Many of our dreams ________ impossible in the past have come true.

A. were considered

B. to be considered

C. considering

D. considered

5. The hall was so noisy for the speaker to make himself ________.

A. hear

B. being heard

C. hearing

D. heard

6. After a whole day's heavy work, the old worker returned home, ________.

A. hungry and exhausted

B. hungry and exhausting

C. hungry and being exhausted

D. hungry and exhaust

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