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期末阅读复习资料

期末阅读复习资料
期末阅读复习资料

Reading Comprehension

Passage 1

About 50 miles west of Stonehenge, buried in the peat bogs of the Somerset flatlands in southwestern England, lies the oldest road known to humanity. Dubbed the “Sweet Track” after its discoverer, Raymond Sweet, this painstakingly constructed 1, 800-meter road dates back to the early Neolithic period, some 6, 000 years ago. Thanks primarily to the overlying layer of acidic peat, which has kept the wood moist, inhibited the growth of decay bacteria, and discouraged the curiosity of animal life, the road is remarkably well preserved. Examination of its remains has provided extensive information about the people who constructed it.

The design of the Sweet Track indicates that its builders possessed extraordinary engineering skills. In constructing the road, they first hammered pegs into the soil in the form of upright X’s. Single rails were slid beneath the pegs, so that the rails rested firmly on the soft surface of the bog. Then planks were placed in the V-shaped space formed by the upper arms of the pegs. This method of construction—allowing the underlying rail to distribute the weight of the plank above and thereby prevent the pegs from sinking into the marsh—is remarkably sophisticated, testifying to a surprisingly advanced level of technology.

Furthermore, in order to procure the materials for the road, several different species of tree had to be felled, debarked, and split. This suggests that the builders possessed high quality tools, and that they knew the differing properties of various roundwoods. It appears also that the builders were privy to the finer points of lumbering, maximizing the amount of wood extracted from a given tree by slicing logs of large diameter radially and logs of small diameter tangentially.

Studies of the Sweet Track further indicate a high level of social organization among its builders. This is supported by the observation that the road seems to have been completed in a very short time; tree-ring analysis confirms that the components of the Sweet Track were probably all felled within a single year. Moreover, the fact that such an involved engineering effort could be orchestrated in the first place hints at a complex social structure.

Finally, excavation of the Sweet Track has provided evidence that the people who built it comprised a community devoted to land cultivation. It appears that the road was built to serve as a foot-path linking two islands—islands that provided a source of timber, cropland, and pastures for the community that settled the hills to the south. Furthermore, the quality of the pegs indicates that the workers knew enough to fell trees in such a way as to encourage the rapid growth of long, straight, rodlike shoots from the remaining stumps, to be used as pegs. This method is called coppicing and its practice by the settlers is the earliest known example of woodland management.

Undoubtedly, the discovery of the Sweet Track in 1970 added much to our knowledge of Neolithic technology. But while study of the remains has revealed unexpectedly high levels of engineering and social organization, it must be remembered that the Sweet Track represents the work of a single isolated community.

One must be careful not to extrapolate sweeping generalizations from the achievements of such a small sample of Neolithic humanity.

1.According to the passage, which of the following contributes to the preservation

of the Sweet Track?

A.The wood used to build it was damp.

B.Few animals visited the area in which it was located.

C.It’s components were buried beneath the peat bog.

D.The chemical properties of the peat bog inhibiting the development of

bacteria.

2.What is the author’s purpose to refer to the peat bog as “acidic” in paragraph 1?

A.To suggest that acidic conditions are important in restraining decay.

B.To prove the relevance of knowledge of chemical properties to archaeological

concerns.

C.To emphasize that noncorrosive material could be used to construct a road like

the Sweet Track.

D.To distinguish between the effects of acidic and basic conditions on ancient

ruins.

3.The author’s purpose to describe the construction of the road in paragraph 2 is

to .

A.highly praise the cleverness of ancient people

B.convincingly prove the sturdiness of the structure

C.vividly demonstrate its builders’ team spirit

D.sufficiently indicate its builders’ superb techniques

4.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the builders of the Sweet Track .

A.were geeks in the realm of lumbering

B.were experts at increasing the amount of wood extracted from a tree

C.had an intimate knowledge of lumbering techniques

D.were consciously aware of the importance of the construction of the road

5.In paragraph 4, the author mentions tree-ring analysis in order to prove

that .

A.old trees were strong enough to be used to construct a road

B.builders constructed the Sweet Track without spending much time

C. a complex social structure had long been formed

D.the techniques used to construct the road were quite sophisticated

6.In paragraph 5, “woodland management”is most likely to refer to a system in

which trees are .

A.planted in special ways in order to yield special materials

B.cultivated among trees of their own species

C.harvested for use in construction

D.felled in controlled quantities

7.The last paragraph suggests that the Sweet Track .

A.is constructed with high technologies about which our modern world has not

known much

B.shouldn’t be used to make conclusions about all Neolithic communities

C.is only one of the roads human beings have hitherto discovered

D.will bring about a fundamental revolution in historical thought about the

whole Neolithic period

8.The author discusses the remains of the Sweet Track in terms of all of the

following EXCEPT .

A.advanced technologies in the early Neolithic period

B.workers’ ability to manage woodland

C.highly organized society

D.archaeologists’ knowledge of chemical properties

9.The author’s attitude toward the remains of the Sweet Track can best be described

as .

A.generally indifferent

https://www.docsj.com/doc/1716057831.html,dly suspicious

C.moderately complimentary

D.solemnly respectful

10.The passage primarily emphasizes on .

A.how the Sweet Track’s remains reveal aspects of a particular Neolithic society

B.how the methods of woodland management are applied to lumbering

C.how the Sweet Track can survive over 6, 000 years

D.what the construction and composition of the road tells us about the builders Passage 2

Once upon a time I taught school in the hills of Tennessee, where the broad dark vale of the Mississippi begins to roll and crumple to greet the Alleghanies. I was a Fisk student then, and all Fisk men thought that Tennessee was theirs alone, and in vacation time they set out in vigorous bands to meet the county school-commissioners. Y oung and happy, I too went, and I shall not soon forget that summer, seventeen years ago.

First, there was a Teache rs’ Institute at the count y-seat; and there distinguished guests of the superintendent taught the teachers fractions and spelling and other mysteries—white teachers in the morning, Negroes at night. A picnic now and then, and a supper, and the rough world was softened by laughter and song. I remember how—but I wander.

There came a day when all the teachers left the Institute and began the hunt for schools. I learn from rumor (for my mother was mortally afraid of firearms) that the hunting of ducks and bears and men is wonderfully interesting, but I am sure that the man who has never hunted a country school has something to learn of the pleasures of the chase. I see now the white, hot roads lazily rise and fall and wind before me under the burning July sun; I feel the deep weariness of heart and limb as ten, eight, six miles stretch relentlessly ahead; I feel my heart sink heavily as I hear again and again, “Got a teacher? Y es.” So I walked on and on—horses were too expensive—until I had wandered beyond railways, beyond stage lines.

Sprinkled over hill and dale lay cabins and farmhouses, shut out from the world

by the forests and the rolling hills toward the east. There I found at last a little school. Josie told me of it; she was a thin, homely girl of twenty, with a dark-brown face and thick, hard hair. I had crossed the stream at Watertown, and rested under the great willows; then I had gone to the little cabin where Josie was resting on her way to town. The gaunt farmer made me welcome, and Josie, hearing my errand, told me anxiously that they wanted a school over the hill; that but once since the war had a teacher been there; that she herself longed to learn—and thus she ran on, talking fast and loud, with much earnestness and energy.

Next morning I crossed the tall round hill, plunged into the wood, and came out at Josie’s home. The father was a quiet, simple soul, calmly ignorant, with no touch of vulgarity. The mother was different—strong, bustling, and energetic, with a quick, restless tongue, and an ambition to live “like folks.”There was a crowd of children. Two growing girls; a shy midget of eight; John, tall, awkward, and eighteen; Jim, younger, quicker, and better-looking; and two babies of indefinite age. Then there was Josie herself. She seemed to be the center of the family: always busy at service, or at home, or berry-picking; a little nervous and inclined to scold, like her mother, yet faithful, too, like her father. I saw much of this family afterwards, and grew to love them for their honest efforts to be decent and comfortable, and for their knowledge of their own ignorance. There was with them no artificialness. The mother would scold the father for being so “easy”; Josie would roundly criticize the boys for carelessness; and all knew that it was a hard thing to dig a living out of a rocky sidehill.

1. According to the second paragraph, it is clear that .

A. white teachers and black teachers at the Teachers’Institute cooperated with

each other harmoniously

B. the Teachers’ Institute at the county-seat was famous enough to invite experts

to deliver lectures

C. segregation policy was being implemented throughout the United States

D. the author did not enjoy the entertainment but preferred listening to mysteries

2. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the author .

A. did not want to become a hunter himself because he had sympathy for the

hunter’s prey

B. had never hunted living creatures because arms weapons had been forbidden

in his home

C. were busy with his studies so that he had no time for recreational activities

D. viewed hunting as an inappropriate activity for teachers

3. All of the following can be used to describe the author’s journey through the

Tennessee countryside EXCEPT .

A. pleasing

B. tiring

C. untroubled

D. never-ending

4. In paragraph 3, the “stage lines” are most likely to refer to .

A. post house

B. train station

C. village boundary

D. horse-drawn carriage

5. According to the passage, the author regarded his school-hunting days as one

of .

A. nostalgia

B. exasperation

C. misery

D. amusement

6. According to paragraph 4, Josie’s keen interest on meeting the author

was .

A. motivated by her desire to break away from her poor family

B. intensified by her longing to gain an education

C. exaggerated by her substantially social nature

D. triggered by her need for killing her time on the long road to town

7. According to the passage, what does Josie’s mother want to emphasize by saying

she wished to live “like folks”?

A. a longing for her family to improve their lot

B. an expanding greed for material life

C. the authority who forced them to live a backward life

D. misgiving about falling to the bottom of society

8. The author’s attitude toward Josie and her family can best be characterized

as .

A. gratefully reverent

B. distinctly affectionate

C. obviously curious

D. deeply regretful

9. In the last paragraph, the word “roundly” means .

A. approximately

B. lovingly

C. bluntly

D. sharply

10. The theme of the passage can best be described as .

A. an illustration of the severe realities of searching for a job

B. a demonstration of the success of a graduate from a distinguished school

C. a discussion of adult education in a remote mountain village

D. a recollection of an unforgettable time in a person’s life

Passage 3

The ozone layer, the fragile layer of gas surrounding our planet between 7 and 30 miles above the earth’s surface, is being rapidly depleted. Seasonally occurring holes have appeared in it over the Poles and, recently, over densely populated temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. The threat is serious because the ozone layer protects the earth from the sun’s ultraviolet radiation, which is harmful to all living

organisms.

Even though the layer is many miles thick, the atmosphere in it is tenuous and the total amount of ozone, compared with other atmospheric gases, is small. Ozone is highly reactive to chlorine, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Of these chlorine is the most dangerous since it is very stable and long-lived. When chlorine compounds reach the stratosphere, they bond with and destroy ozone molecules, with consequent repercussions for life on Earth.

In 1958, researchers began noticing seasonal variations in the ozone layer above the South Pole. Between June and October the ozone content steadily fell, followed by a sudden increase in November. These fluctuations appeared to result from the natural effects of wind and temperature. But while the low October levels remained constant until 1979, the total ozone content over the Pole was steadily diminishing. In 1985, public opinion was finally roused by reports of a “hole” in the layer.

The culprits responsible for the hole were identified as compounds known as chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs. CFCs are compounds of chlorine and fluorine. Nonflammable, nontoxic and noncorrosive, they have been widely used in industry since the 1950s, mostly as refrigerants and propellants and in making plastic foam and insulation.

In 1989 CFCs represented a sizeable market valued at over $1.5 billion and a labor force of 1.6 million. But with CFCs implicated in ozone depletion, the question arose as to whether we were willing to risk an increase in cases of skin cancer, eye ailments, even a lowering of the human immune defense system—all effects of further loss of the ozone layer. And not only humans would suffer. So would plant life. Phytoplankton, the first link in the ocean food chain and vital to the survival of most marine species, would not be able to survive near the ocean surface, which is where these organisms grow.

In 1990, 70 countries agreed to stop producing CFCs by the year 2000. In late 1991, however, scientists noticed a depletion of the ozone layer over the Arctic. In 1992 it was announced that the layer was depleting faster than expected and that it was also declining over the northern hemisphere. Scientists believe that natural events are making the problem worse. The Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines, which erupted in June 1991, released 12 million tons of damaging volcanic gases into the atmosphere.

Even if the whole world agreed today to stop all production and use of CFCs, this would not solve the problem. A single chlorine molecule can destroy 10, 000-100,000 molecules of ozone. Furthermore, CFCs have a lifespan of 75-400 years and they take ten years to reach the ozone layer. In other words, what we are experiencing today results from CFCs emitted ten years ago.

Researchers are working hard to find substitute products. Some are too dangerous because they are highly flammable; others may prove to be toxic and to contribute to the greenhouse effect—to the process of global warming. Nevertheless, even if there is no denying that the atmosphere is in a state of disturbance, nobody can say that the situation will not improve, either in the short or the long term, especially if we ourselves lend a hand.

1. In the first paragraph, the author raises the problem of .

A. the reduction of the ozone layer

B. the threat of global warming

C. the ultraviolet radiation from the sun

D. the environmental exacerbation of the northern regions

2. Which of the following can be inferred from the scientists’ research in 1958?

A. The interaction of wind and temperature were regarded as a threat to Earth.

B. Industrial substances contributed to the seasonal variations in the ozone layer.

C. The seasonal variations in the ozone layer were the most instable between

June and November.

D. The public didn’t fully understand the serious threat of ozone depletion.

3. Paragraph 4 is included in the passage in order to .

A. identify industry-produced CFCs as the chief offender in ozone depletion

B. explain the important role CFCs played in producing industrial products

C. inform the public of the benefits brought about by CFCs to their life

D. display the unique features of CFCs as compounds of chlorine and fluorine

4. In paragraph 5, market and workforce figures concerning CFC production are

mentioned to indicate that .

A. profits from CFCs have made the public against the industry’s practices

B. the wide use of CFCs has rendered marine species to be extinct

C. the dangers of using CFCs overshadow the economic considerations

D. All the manufacturers that produce CFCs should be condemned for the

problem

5. In paragraph 6, the evidence of changes in the ozone layer over the northern

hemisphere indicates that .

A. ocean biologists haven’t worked out an efficient way to stop the effects of

CFCs

B. there are other theories to explain the ozone depletion

C. volcanic gases from Philippines also contribute to the ozone depletion in

such areas

D. the hazards of ozone decrease are getting increased

6. The example of the volcanic gases emitted by the Pinatubo volcano in paragraph

6 implies that the volcanic gases .

A. are more responsible for the ozone depletion than CFCs

B. are accelerating the ozone shrink at present

C. have a greater long-term effect than CFCs on human beings

D. contain substances that are less destructive of ozone than CFCs

7. It can be inferred from the author’s reference to lifespan of CFCs that .

A. there is plenty of time for scientist to deal with the problem

B. the long-term effects of ozone loss on human health may never be known

C. scientists may use lifespan of chlorine molecules to delay the occurrence of

global warming

D. favorable measures against ozone loss may take years to have an effect

8. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A. It is possible for people to reduce the dropping of the ozone layer.

B. People must prepare themselves for the damage of the ozone layer.

C. Researchers may not find appropriate substitutes for CFCs.

D. People should learn to live together with the industrial pollutants.

9. The author’s tone about ozone decline at the end of the passage can be concluded

as a note of .

A. pessimism

B. optimism

C. sadness

D. discourage

10. According to the description in the passage, the major function of the ozone layer

is closest to that of .

A. a first-aid treatment plan for a drowning kid

B. a traffic light at a busy intersection

C. the structural support for a suspension bridge

D. the filtering system for a city water supply

Passage 4

Nobody has ever forgotten the day Howan first came to the Weldon Zoo. Howan is a three-hundred-pound male orangutan whose origins are unknown. Contradictory to the manner in which apes, or all animals for that manner, typically come to live in a cage, Howan walked onto zoo grounds of his own volition. When he was first sighted, zoo security guards were prepared to trap him to return him to his exhibit, but they were surprised to find him weaving his way, on his own, back to the exhibit through a crowd of panicked visitors. Once security arrived in the Asian Forest, the orangutan keepers were quick to point out that Howan was not one of theirs.

For the five years his human caretakers have known Howan, they have been unable to stop frittering away hours hypothesizing about his origins. Some surmise that he is a captive-bred Sumatran orangutan who was forced to spend his early years as an expensive, but inappropriate, family pet who was regularly tortured by children, locked in a small cage for days on end by adults, and taunted by a family dog unsympathetic to the unfortunate situation of his peer. Others believe he was kidnapped from his native Borneo as a young ape, sold to a circus, but then later escaped. This belief is affirmed every time Howan skillfully juggles his emptied cups before returning them to his keepers, always with a look of mischief.

While these two explanations are the ones that most zoo staff and volunteers discuss openly, there is a small yet growing constituency that believes in a far more mystical interpretation of why Howan came to be at the Weldon Zoo. Orang Hutan, “people of the forest” in Indonesian, were traditionally protected in their native lands, as it was felt that each was simply a person hiding in the trees, trying to avoid having to go to work or become a slave. The destruction of the jungles of Borneo brought not only a marked decrease in the orangutan population, but also was correlated to insurgent tensions among local ethnic and religious groups. Indonesian folklore

includes the belief that these tensions will only subside when the orangutans’homeland is restored.

Strangely, the day Howan was given sanctuary at the Weldon Zoo also marked the day that tense negotiations between the labor union and zoo management shifted and quickly resulted in a five-year contract for zoo staff. Others point out that keepers Sally and her on-again, off-again beau of seven years eloped the week Howan came to stay. The proximity of these two incidents to his arrival, and the story of how Howan came to stay at the Weldon Zoo, have fueled the belief that Howan is a magica l peacemaker.

Respectable zoos are regularly monitored and accredited by a national organization, and this organization has strict guidelines for when and how an animal is adopted by a zoo. The introduction of a strange animal of unknown origins with no medical and behavioral documentation is frowned upon, because it poses a threat to the safety of the current zoo residents, and because it makes obsolete the long waiting list of captive apes who come with medical records and behavioral histories and need a safe home. At a minimum, Howan should have been kept in solitary confinement and quarantined until his risk factors were assessed. Instead, he became a permanent member of the Weldon Zoo community.

1. It can be implied from the first paragraph that .

A.orangutans do not like to live in cages

B.animals rarely choose to stay in captivity

C.apes seldom walk at zoos

D.zoo security guards are not professional enough to tranquilize Howan

2.In the second paragraph, the author hypothesizes Howan’s history in order

to .

A.explain some aspects of his behavior

B.reprimand children’s cruelty to animals

C.indicate that people shouldn’t spend much money on a pet

D.suggest that his human caretakers know something about his origins

3.According to paragraph 3, in Indonesia, orangutans were traditionally .

A.extinct because of religious conflicts

B.worshipped by local people

C.viewed as dangerous to local residents

D.safeguarded as if humans

4.It can be inferred from the passage that some Weldon zookeepers and Indonesian

folklore share the belief that orangutans .

A.are the most human-like creatures in this planet

B.may be key players in producing peace

C.must be protected in their native lands

D.are physically large and extremely gifted

5.At the end of paragraph 4, the author uses the phrase “magical peacemaker”to

emphasize .

A.the puzzling power of orangutans to behave like humans

B.that animals have greater powers to persuade than humans

C.that it was Howan’s presence at the zoo that brought about the labor

negotiations to be settled

D.how Howan made the Weldon Zoo to accept him

6.It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that Weldon Zoo keepers .

A.frequently disagree with zoo policy

B.seldom choose to marry

C.have contracts negotiated by labor unions

D.wish that the zoo would employ more volunteers

7.According to the last paragraph, decision makers at the zoo .

A.acted in a way that was incompatible with respectable zoo policy

B.adored Howan so much that they ignored the safety of any other animal

C.adopted Howan without causing disaffection among some people

D.never kept animals in solitary confinement

8.It is implied by the last paragraph that Howan .

A.is faced with the removal from the zoo at any time

B.will be isolated because of his dangerous factors

C.seems not to leave the zoo, for all his unknown origins

D.will be punished severely if he wanders at the zoo again

9.According to the passage, Howan was assumed by zoo staff to be all of the

following EXCEPT .

A. a juggler

B. a victim

C. a mystical influence

D. a slave

10.What is the author’s attitude toward the Weldon Zoo’s adoption of Howan?

A.Intense criticism.

B.Qualified approval.

C.Utter indifference.

D.Exuberant praise.

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