英语词汇学总结(细致)
Chapter 1Word-Structure
1. The definition of morpheme
1.1 What is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language?- morpheme
What are words composed of? - Words are formed by morphemes. A word is the smallest unit that stands alone to communicate meaning.
1.2 What are the Chinese equivalents对应词of morpheme? 语素词素-形位
2.1 Morphemes may be classified into free and bound.
Free morphemes, also called content morphemes, may constitute words by themselves. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. So we may say that free morphemes are free roots.
Bound morphemes = Bound root + affixes, known as grammatical morphemes, must appear with at least one other morpheme, either free or bound. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words, e.g. recollection, idealistic, ex-prisoner
2.2 Morphemes may also be classified into roots (or root morphemes) and affixes (or affixational morphemes).
Task:
(1) Read the following words and find the root in each word.
heart, hearten, dishearten, heartless, hearty, heartiness,
sweetheart, heartbroken, kind-hearted, whole-heartedly.
(2) What is your definition of root?
A root is the part of the word-form which remains when all the affixes have been removed.
(3) Is a root necessarily a free morpheme? Why?
2.2.1 Two types of roots
- Free root
In English, many roots are free morphemes, such as black in black, blackboard, blacksmith.
- Bound root
However, there are quite a number of roots which cannot exist on their own and thus belong to the class of bound morphemes. For example, ceive in receive, conceive, perceive, deceive; mit in permit, commit, submit; tain in retain, contain, maintain; cur in recur, occur, incur, etc.
these roots cannot be used to form new words.
2.2.2 Two types of affixes
Affix is a collective term for the type of formative (构词成分) that can be used only when added to another morpheme.
- Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to express
the following meanings:
(1) plurality: e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes;
en in oxen.
(2) the genitive case: e.g. ’s in boy’s, children’s.
(3) the verbal endings: for example,
a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches shows the third person
singular present tense.
b. -ing in words like eating, teaching shows the present
participle or gerund.
c. -(e)d in words like worked, saved shows the past tense or past
participle.
(4) the comparative and superlative degrees:
e.g. -er in words like smaller, harder; -est in words like smallest,
hardest.
- Derivational affixes (or derivational morphemes)can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.
?(1) Prefixes are affixes before the root, e.g: unjust, rewrite.
As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech.
task: list some prefixes that can modify the parts of speech.
- en-(em-) as in words like embody, enrich
- be- as in words like befriend, belittle
- a- as in words like asleep, aside ? (2) Suffixes are affixes after the root, e.g.: darkness, worker. By the addition of the suffix,
the word is usually changed from one part of
speech into another, e.g. liberation, modernize.
2.3 Relationship between the two classifications of morphemes
Morpheme
It is the minimal meaningful unit of language. Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.
a) Bound morphemes are morphemes which alone can be used as words .
What is an allomorph?
An allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme.
语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。
● A morpheme may take various shapes or forms.
2.4 Morpheme and Word-formation
In word-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and affix.
在构词法中, 语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。
Two types of affixes:
Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes 屈折词缀和派生词缀
? Inflectional affixes function as grammatical markers. 表示词的语法意义的是屈折
词缀。-s ,-es ,ing,-er ,or -(e)d,est
Derivational affixes or derivational morphemes
They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.
(1) Prefixes are affixes before the root.
e.g.， unjust, rewrite.
As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech.
(2) Suffixes are affixes after the root
By the addition of the suffix, the word is usually changed from one part of speech into another, e.g. liberation, modernize.
Root, stem, base 词根、词干、词基
A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. 词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。
A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。
A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem.
? 词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。
morpheme free morpheme bound morpheme Bound root inflectional affixes derivational affixes prefixes suffixes
?词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。
?词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。
?它与词根有区别，因为它是可以从派生角度进行分析的形式，在上面可以加上
派生词缀。但是词根则不容许做进一步的分析。词基与词干也是不同的，因为派生
词缀和屈折词缀都可以加在词基上，而只有屈折词缀可以加在词干上。
Task: Analyse the word in terms of root, stem and base.
undesirable (n.): 不是词根（可再分解）；是词干（可以加屈折词缀，如名词复数-s），也是词基。
free morpheme (自由形位)
Morpheme: bound root (粘附词根)
(形位) bound morpheme（粘附形位）inflectional affix（屈折词缀）
affix prefix （前缀）
infix （中缀）
（词缀）derivational affix suffix （后缀）
（派生词缀）
2.4.1 The categories of prefixation：
Negative Prefix (un-,non-,in-,im-,il-,ir)
Reversative Prefix (de-,dis-,un-)
Pejorative贬损的Prefix (mal-,mis-,pseudo-)
Gradient Prefix
(arch-,extra-,ultra-,hyper-&hyper-,macroµ-,mini-&mega-,sur-&sub-,over-&out-&under-) Directional and Attitudinal Prefix (anti-, contra-, counter-,pro-)
Locative Prefix (extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-)
Temporal and Sequential Prefix (ex-,fore-,post-,re-)
Number Prefix (multi-&poly-,semi-&hemi-)
Miscellaneous混杂的；各种各样的Prefix (auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-)
2.4.2The categories of suffix:
2.4.2.1Nominalizer (名词化):
De-nominal suffixes (-eer,-er,-or,-ess,-ette,-let,-ling,-dom,-ery,-ry,-hood,-ing,-ism,-ity,-ship) De-verbal suffixes (-er/or,-ant/ent,-al,-ion,-ment,-age,-ing)
De-adjectival suffixes(-ness,-ity,-itas)
2.4.2.2Verbalizer:
De-nominal suffixes(-ate,-fy)
De-adjectival suffixes(-en,-ize, en-, em-)
2.4.2.3Adjectivizer
De-nominal suffix (-ful,-less,-ish,-like,-y)
De-verbal suffix (-able, -ive)
2.4.2.4 Adverbializer
De-nominal suffix (-wise,-ward(s))
De-adjectival suffixes(-ly)
2.4.3 Compoinding
Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.
2.4.
3.1 Characteristics
·Phonetic features: the word usually stress in the first element.
·Semantic features: Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. ·Grammatical features: A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective.
2.4.
3.2 Formation of compounding: noun compounds, adjective compounds, verb compounds, through conversion, through backformation
2.4.
3.3 Classfication of compounds:
Endocentric: one or both roots is the ―head‖ of the comound.
Co-ordinate: two head roots; this is a modification structure,
Subordinate:
Exocentric:
Chapter 2 Word formation 构词法
Major word formation process(1-3)
1.Affixation (derivation)词缀法
Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. According to the positions that affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses; prefixation and suffixation.
Prefixation: Prefix do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, present-day English finds an increasing number of class-changing prefixes. e.
g. asleep a (a- + v), encourage V (en- + n), unearth V (un- + n), de-oil V (de- + n), postwar a (post- + n), intercollege a (inter- + n) and others. These make up only an insignificant number in the huge contemporary vocabulary The majority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class-changing nature. Their chief function is to change the meaning of the stems. Suffixation:Suffixes have only a small semantic role; their primary function is to change the grammatical function of stems. They mainly change the word class. Therefore, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into four groups.
https://www.docsj.com/doc/17968147.html,pounding复合法
Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a 'lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word' (Quirk et al 1985). Silkworm蚕and hone-ybee蜜蜂are compounds; so are tear gas催泪and easy chair安乐椅. These examples show that compounds can be written solid (silkworm), hyphenated(honey-bee) and open (tear gas and easy chair) As open compounds are the same in form as free phrases, what is the dividing line between them?
2.1 Characteristics of Compounds
Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects.
1. Phonetic features In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stress. In cases of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the secondary
stress, if any, on the second whereas the opposite is true of free phrases, e.g.
Compound Free phrase
a 'hot1house温房, 暖房,干燥室 a hot 'house
a 'black horse a black 'horse
a 'green room a green 'room
But these stress patterns of compounds are not absolute. Sometimes, the primary stress may also fall on the second element as in ash-'blonde 灰银and , bottle- 'green 深绿色的as well as in combining-form compounds, socio-linguistic, psycho-analysis. Therefore, this is not always reliable.
2. Semantic features Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. For instance, a green hand is an 'inexperienced person', not a hand that is green in color; red meat refers to 'beef' or 'lamb' rather than any meat that is red in color; hot dog is by no means a dog that is hot, but a typical American sausage in between two pieces of bread. The meanings of such examples cannot be easily inferred from the two components of the compounds.
Nevertheless, a lot of compounds are transparent, that is the meaning can be inferred from the separate elements of compounds. Consider the following random examples: disaster- related, flower pot, washing machine, dumb show哑剧, scarlet fever 猩红热and many others. But the two elements are inseparable and the change of the element would result in the loss of the original identity.
3. Grammatical features A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective. Bad-mouth used as a verb can take the third person singular -s and the past tense marker -ed, e. g. 'He bad-mouthed me. 苛刻批评' (Bolinger and Sears 1981) Compound nouns show their plural forms by taking inflectional -s at the end, e.g. new-borns, three-year-olds, will-o ' -the-wisps, major generals. 少将Of course, there are exceptions such as brothers-in-law, lookers-on . In spite of this their single grammatical role is apparent.
In adjective-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes, for example: Compound Free phrase
fine art美术finer art美艺术
red tape官样文章reddest tape最红带子
hot line hotter line线路, 航线
3.Conversion转化法
Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class种类to another class. This is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech. These words are new only in a grammatical sense. Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. Look at the word round in the following sentences:
[4a] He was knocked out in the first round.
[ 4b] Round the number off to the nearest tenth.
[4c] The neighbours gathered round our barbecue.
[4d] The moon was bright and round.
[4e] People came from all the country round.
(from Lodwig & Barrett 1973)
4. Cliticization (附着法)
a form which resembles a word, but which cannot stand on its own as a normal utterance, being phonologically dependent upon a neighbouring word (its host) in a construction, such as I’m and he’s.
5. Blending拼缀法（有一个词不完整）
4.1 What is blending?
Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed from two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms. The result of such a process is called a blend, which combines the sounds and the meaning of two others.
The majority of blends are nouns, very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer.
According to structure, blends fall into four major groups.
4.2 Classification of blending
Structurally, blends can be subdivided into the following five groups:
(1)The first part of the first word + the last part of the second one: head + tail
Chinglish, smog
(2)First part of the first word + first part of the second word: head + head
sci-fi, telecon
(3)Whole form of the first word + last part of the second one: word + tail
newscast, workfare
(4)First part of the first word + whole form of the second one: head + word
heliport, telediagnosis
(5) Whole form of the first word + first part of the second one: word+ head
skylab
Many blends have only a very short life and are very informal. They are particularly common in commercial and journalistic language.
6. Clipping截留法
Another common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part of the original and using what remains instead. In modern times, people tend to be economical in writing and speech to keep up with the tempo of new life style. To save time one is likely to clip words that are frequently used. There are four common types of clipping:
(5)Front Clipping截前留后
Quake(earthquake) copter (helicopter) scope (telescope)
phone (telephone) gym (gymnastics)
(6)Back clipping截后留前
Dorm(dormitory) memo(memorandum) stereo (stereophonic)
disco(discotheque)
(7)Front and back clipping截前后留中间
Flu(influenza) fridge ()refrigerator
(8)Phrase clipping截词组
Pub (public house) zoo(zoological garden) pop(popular music) perm(permanent waves)
7. Acronym [?akr?n?m]首字母拼音法
Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Depending on the pronunciation, words formed in this way are called initialism [i'ni??liz?m]词首字母缩略词or acronyms首字母拼音词
1)Letters represent full words: VOA, BBC, c/o= care of 由...转交, p.c.= post card
2)Letters represent constituents in a compound or just parts of a word: TV. ID=identity card,
GHQ= General Headquarters
.Acronyms A word formed from the initial letters but pronounced as a normal word, such as radar for radio detecting and ranging.
NATO, AIDS BASIC,TEFL
N-bomb, D-day, V-day
8. Abbreviation,
Abbreviation, also called initialism are words pronounced letter by letter.
B.C.(Before Christ) A.D.(Anno Domini=in the year after the birth of Jesus Christ)
VOA
9. Back-formation逆构法
Words created through this way are mostly verbs. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal.
What is back-formation?
Back-formation is a process of word formation by which a word is created by the deletion删除of the supposed affix. For instance, the verb edit was formed from editor by dropping the suffix –or. The verb aggress was formed from the noun aggression by removing the suffix –ion.
7.1 Types of back-formation
(1) Verbs back formed from nouns ending in
-er, -or, -ar:
cobbler修鞋匠--- to cobble To make or mend (boots or shoes).修：制造或修理（长统靴或鞋）rover- wanderer.流浪汉；漫游者--- to rove
bulldozer推土机--- to bulldoze To clear, dig up, or move with a bulldozer.
用推土机整地：用推土机消除、削平或挖出
sculptor雕塑家--- to sculpt To shape, mold, or fashion especially with artistry or precision: orator演说者, 演讲者--- to orate
liar --- to lie
beggar --- to beg
(2) Verbs backformed from nouns ending
in -tion, -sion:
automation--- to automate to control or operate by automation.通过自动化控制或操作destruction--- to destruct
negation--- to negate
donation--- to donate
television--- to televise
(3) Verbs backformed from abstract nouns:
diagnosis--- to diagnose
enthusiasm--- to enthuse
(4) Verbs backformed from adjectives:
drowsy- --to drowse
gloomy--- to gloom
lazy--- to laze
(5) Verbs backformed from compound words:
baby sitter---to baby-sit
house sitter--- to house sit
(6) Nouns backformed from adjectives:
gloomy--- gloom
greedy--- greed
(7) Adjectives backformed from noun/adverb/adjective:
difficulty--- difficult
utterly--- utter
unflappable不易惊慌的；镇定的--- flappable=Easily excited or upset. 易激动或不安的10. Borrowing 借用(calque)
Borrowing refers to the process of bringing in foreign words or meanings into English.
Dope(Dutch) sofa(Arabic) Zebra(Bantu)
11. Neoclassical Coinage新古典造词法
Neo-classical coinage, or classical compounds or neoclassical compounds, are compound words composed of combining forms derived from classical Latin or ancient Greek roots. Words of this kind are always found in scientific and technical documents.
12.Folk Etymology民间语源学
Folk Etymology is viewed as a minor kind of blending. It is a naive misunderstanding of a relatively professional word, which gives it a new but false etymology. 这是一个相对专业的词的天真误解，给它带来了新的但错误的词源Such as Hamburger→Beefburger
13. Root Creation
Root creation refers to the process of building a word that has no relationship with any previous word. Such as Kodak.
14. Onomatopoeia拟声
Onomatopoeia refers to the processes of representing sound in words. Onomatopoeia words, also known as echoic words, find their origin in the specific sound they represent.
(1)Imitative words: They intend to imitate the sound that they represent.
Meow, moo, bow-wow, vroom
(2)Symbolic words: They have a less direct association with the sound, but they are associated with the acoustic image of the words. Such as bump, flick, flash, flip, flop, choo-choo, peewee.
15. Ejaculation [i?d??kju?lei??n] 突然说出(语气词)
Ejaculation are words used to imitate instinctive vocal responses to emotional situations. 突然说出是用来模仿对情绪状况的本能声音反应的单词。
16. Reduplication复制
Reduplication is a word formation process in which the root or stem of a word, or part of it, or even the whole world is repeated exactly or with a slight change. Such as poo-poo, pee-pee, zigzag, flip-flop, fuzzy-wuzzy.
17. Eponym 名祖（姓名被用来或据说被用来命名某发现、发明或地名等的人）
Name proper nouns with a person after whom a discovery, invention, place, etc., is named or thought to be named.
Names of people
Names of places
Tradenames
Chapter 4: Sense
4.1 The Linguistic Sign: According to Ferdinand de Saussure(1959), the linguistic sign is a mental unit consisting of two faces, which cannot be separated: a concept and an acoustic image. The term ―sign‖ is quite a general expression which can refer to sentences, clauses, phrases, words, or morphemes. De Saussure later referred to ―concept‖ as ―signifier(能指)‖ or ―thing meant（所指）‖ and to ―acoustic image‖ as ―significant‖ or ―signifier‖.
4.1.1 Reference
Reference is the relationship between language and the world.
4.1.2 Concept
Concept is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.
4.1.3 Sense
The meaning of ―meaning‖ is perhaps what is termed ―sense‖. Unlike reference, ―sence‖ denotes the relationships inside the language.
4.1.4 Denotation本意
Denotation, also called ―referential‖ or ―cognitive‖ meaning, is an aspect of meaning that relates a word or phrase to the objective referent it expresses.
4.1.5 Connotation延伸
Connotation, also called ―affective‖ or ―emotive‖ meaning, is an aspect of meaning of a word or phrase associated with the subjective emotive overtones it evokes.
4.2 Syntagmatism & Paradigmatism横组合关系&纵聚合关系
The relation between words in sentences fall into two major types: paradigmatic relation and syntagmatic relation.
Paradigmatic relation refers to oppositions which produce distinct and alternative terms(foot as opposed to feet).
Syntagmatic relation refers to the relations between units which combine to form sequences.
4.3 Componential Analysis（成分分析）
Componential analysis is analysis of the meaning of a word into components.
4.4 The Structure of English Vocabulary
Chapter 5 Sense Relations
Synonymy同义词; Antonymy反义词Hyponymy上下义关系; Meronymy整体部分关系Polysemy一词多义; Homonymy同名,歧义
5.1 Synonymy同义词
Synonyms can be defined as words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.
5.1.1 Strict Synonyms & Loose Synonyms
Strict synonyms are also known as complete synonyms. They are words identical in meaning in all its aspects, both in grammatical and lexical meaning.
Loose synonyms are also called near-synonyms They are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.
5.1.2 Distinguishing Synonyms
There are three criteria employed in distinguishing synonyms:
·dialect（AmE；BrE；Aud E; Can E）
·formality（俗套）
·connotation（内涵）.
5.2 Antonym反义词
5.2.1 Types of Antonyms
(1)Gradable antonyms分级反义词(a matter of degree) 可以被very 修饰
例子Old—middle-aged—young; hot-warm-cold
(2) Complementary antonyms互补反义词a matter of degree between two extremes 不能被very修饰
例子Alive—dead; male—；，emale;
(3) Converse antonyms（与所提事物特性）相反的，相对的/Relational antonyms关系反义词
例子father-son; teacher-pupil; doctor-patient; buy-sell; above-below
5.2.2 the Use of Antonyms
5.3 Hyponymy上下义关系
5.4 Meronymy整体部分关系
5.5Polysemy一词多义
Polysemy is the coexistence of many possible meanings for a word or phrase.
5.6Homonymy同名,歧义
Homonymy refers to a situation where we have two or more words with the same shape.
5.6.1 Classifications of Homonymy
5.6.2 Origins of Homonymy ·Change in sound and spelling ·Borrowing
·Shortening
5.7 Semantic Shift ·Extension词义扩大·Narrowing词义缩小·Elevation升格·Degradation降格
英语词汇学考试重点整理
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
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现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
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(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
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1、选择题（2 ×15=30） 2、填空题（2×5=10 ） 3、搭配题(1×10=10) 4、名词解释题(4×5=20) 5、问题回答(5×3=15) 6、论述题(第39题7分，第40题8分) 选择题： 1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN 2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. –ful . 3．Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family. 4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes. 5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning. 6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy. 7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as B .derivational affixes. 8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs. https://www.docsj.com/doc/17968147.html,ually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an organization’s activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西
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Introduction 绪论 0.1 The nature and Domain of English lexicology 英语词汇学的定义及研究范围 Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. 词汇学是语言学的一个分支，研究词汇的起源和意义。 English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 英语词汇学研究英语词汇的形态结构、词的对应及其语义结构、词义关系、词的历史演变、词的构成及词的用法等。 English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. 英语词汇学是一门理论性课程。 It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. 该课程主要论述词汇学的基本理论，特别是英语词汇的理论知识。 However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study a great many usage examples. 但是，英语词汇学也是一门实践性课程，在该书的论述中，我们将遇到大量的词汇和习语，学习大量词汇用法实例。 Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved. 当然，同时还要接触到大量的词汇练习。 0.2 Its Relation to Other Disciplines 英语词汇学与其它学科的关系 English lexicology itself is a subbranch of linguistics. 英语词汇学是语言学的一个分支。 But it embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics, lexicography. 但它却与其他学科相关，如形态学、语义学、词源学、文体学和词典学等。 Each of them has been established as a discipline in its own right. 而这些学科都各成一门学科。 Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct. 形态学是语法学的一个分支，主要通过运用词素（形位）结构研究词的结构或形式。 This is one of the major concerns of lexicology, for we shall discuss the inflections of words and word-formation and examine how morphemes are combined to form words and words to form sentences. 这是词汇学研究的主要内容之一，因为研究词汇就必需讨论的屈折变化和构词法，考察词素如何构成词、词如何构成句子。 Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. 词源学研究词的形式和意义的起源及其历史变化。 Modern English is derived from the languages of early Germanic tribes with a fairly small vocabulary. 现代英语源于词汇量颇小的古日尔曼语。 We shall study how this small vocabulary has grown into a huge modern English vocabulary and explain the changes that have taken place in the forms and meanings of words. 我们将研究这门词汇量很小的语言是如何发展成为词汇量庞大的现代英语，并解释英语词汇的形式和意义是如何变化的。 Stylistics is the study of style. 文体学研究文体。 It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects. 主要对语用者在特定语境中如何选择语言要素（即如何选择用词、句型等）以达到特定的表达效果进行观察研究。 Among the areas of study: lexis, phonology, syntax, graphology, we shall concentrate on lexis, exploring the stylistic values of words. 在文体学所研究的词汇、音系学、句法学和书写法范围中，我们主要研究词汇，探讨词汇的文体价值。Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a pragmatic difference. 词典学和词汇学探讨同样的问题：词汇的形式、意义、词汇的起源及用法，但两者在语用上还有差异。 A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use. 词典学家的任务是实录词汇的用法并把词汇用法的真实情形呈现给读者，为其提供权威性的参考；而词汇学家则是研究词汇的知识和信息，以增强读者对词汇的了解和语言的使用能力。 Though English lexicology has a wide coverage of academic areas, our task is definite and consistent. 英语词汇学的研究范围很大，但我们的任务是明确而系统的。 That is to study English words in different aspects and from different angles. 即从不同角度研究英语词汇的各个方面。0.3 Method of Study 英语词汇学的研究方法 There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. 一般来说，词汇研究有两种
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《英语词汇学》课程习题集 一、单选题 1. The word “humorousness” has _______ morphemes. A. one B. two C. three D. four 2. The word “nationalize” has _______ morphemes. A. one B. two C. three D. four 3. The word “decoding” has _______ morphemes. A. one B. two C. three D. four 4. Which of the following forms is not an allomorph of the morpheme “in-”? A. ig- B. ir- C. il- D. im- 5. Which of the following forms does not contain an allomorph of the inflectional morpheme of plurality? A. books B. pigs C. horses D. expense 6. According to ______, there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense. A. naturalists B. anthropologists C. linguists D. conventionalists 7. According to ______ , there is not a logical connection between sound and sense. A. naturalists B. anthropologists C. linguists D. conventionalists 8. Most English words are _________ symbols. A. definite B. arbitrary C. infinite D. hereditary 9. From the point of view of ________, a direct connection between the symbol and its sense can be readily observed in a small group of words. A. nationalism B. anthropology C. linguistics D. motivation 10. Words motivated phonetically are called _________ words. A. onomatopoeic B. similar C. natural D. symbolic 11. In the sentence “John was asked to spy the enemy”, “spy” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym 12. In the sentence “John was doctored by Mr. Smith in the hospital”, “doctor” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym 13.In the sentence “John was asked to get into the office after a two-hour wait”, “wait”is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym 14. In the sentence “John decided to nurse his sister himself”, “nurse” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym
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2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek
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English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. The Nature and Scope of English lexicology： English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary Vocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words： By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words&functional words By origin:native words&borrowed words The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary. The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征): 1)All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性） 3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性） 没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话） (3)slang（俚语） (4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email) Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but) Native Words and Borrowed Words Native words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in use