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Towards quantum computing with single atoms and optical cavities on atom chips

Towards quantum computing with single atoms and optical cavities on atom chips
Towards quantum computing with single atoms and optical cavities on atom chips

a r X i v :q u a n t -p h /0607197v 1 27 J u l 2006Towards quantum computing with single atoms and

optical cavities on atom chips

M.Trupke,1J.Metz,1A.Beige,2and E.A.Hinds 1

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Blackett Laboratory,Imperial College London,Prince Consort Road,London SW72BZ,United Kingdom 2The School of Physics and Astronomy,University of Leeds,Leeds LS29JT,United Kingdom February 1,2008Abstract We report on recent developments in the integration of optical microresonators into atom chips and describe some fabrication and implementation challenges.We also review theoretical proposals for quantum computing with single atoms based on the observation of photons leaking through the cavity mirrors.The use of measurements to generate entanglement can result in simpler,more robust and scalable quantum computing architectures.Indeed,we show that quantum computing with atom-cavity systems is feasible even in the presence of relatively large spontaneous decay rates and ?nite photon detector e?ciencies.1Introduction Quantum information processing (QIP)is a new paradigm for manipulating information.Already,in a ?rst important application of QIP,quantum cryptography [5,6]guarantees the physically secure transfer of information between distant parties.As for computing,algorithms have been devised that lead to a dramatic increase in computational speed when compared to the best known classical methods [1].Prominent examples are Shor’s factoring algorithm [2]and Grover’s database search [3].If a large-scale quantum computer were to be realised,with thousands of universal gates,no doubt more algorithms would emerge.However,even tens of qubits would be enough to provide a powerful computational platform for simulating speci?c quantum systems [4]whose complete Hilbert space is beyond the reach of current digital computers.Many di?erent physical implementations of QIP are currently being explored.Over the last few years,several proof-of-principle experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of quantum computing.Vandersypen et al.[7]have realized a simple instance of Shor’s algorithm by factoring 15using nuclear magnetic resonance

techniques.Groups in Innsbruck and Boulder have implemented a universal two-qubit gate in an ion trap and entangled up to eight ions [8,9].Walther et al.have performed linear optics experiments with up to ?ve photonic qubits and a four-photon cluster state [10].However it is not straightforward to scale any of these to many more qubits.Additional qubits in ion traps increase the density of motional states,thereby creating the need for a form of distributed quantum computing,possibly involving ion transport [11].As for linear optics quantum computing,the main di?culties when entangling photons are the lack of an e?ective interaction and the lack of reliable photon storage.For a recent comparative review of a number of quantum computing implementation proposals we refer the reader to Meter and Oskin [12].

Neutral atoms can be coupled to each other by the quantised ?eld inside an optical cavity.Although not yet demonstrated experimentally,this o?ers a promising alternative implementation of quantum computing.It has already been shown that single atoms held in optical resonators are capable of generating single photons on demand and deterministically,i.e.without spontaneous emission[13,14].It is therefore possible to exchange quantum information between a stationary qubit (the atom)and a ?ying qubit (the photon),as required by one of DiVincenzo’s criteria for a scalable quantum computing architecture [15].This may

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Figure1:(a)An atom chip used at Imperial College by Eriksson et al.[19].(b)Figure of how single atoms are trapped on an atom chip.The current-carrying wire at the bottom of the?gure(the current is coming out of the plane of the paper)produces a circular magnetic?eld which cancels an external?eld applied from left to right.The resulting?eld strength is indicated with light(strong?eld)and dark(weak?eld)colours. The atoms are trapped in the region with the weakest?eld,in a cylindrical potential parallel to the wire.

be used to couple distant parts of a quantum computer by generating photons whose state depends on the state of the respective atom[16]followed by carefully designed photon measurements[17,18].

Photon measurements provide a very e?cient tool for manipulating information in atom-cavity systems. They can be used to simplify signi?cantly the production of entanglement.One example of that is the method based on an environment-induced quantum Zeno e?ect[20,21,22,23],where the application of laser?elds su?ces to entangle two ground-state atoms trapped inside an optical cavity.A second approach due to Lim et al.[18]entangles distant atoms by the deterministic generation of photon pairs and their subsequent detection.As a third example,we recently we showed that the absence macroscopic?uorescence [27]can signal the presence of maximally entangled atom pairs[24]and may be used for the successive build-up of cluster states[25]for one-way quantum computing[26].Such a signal can easily be detected even when using ine?cient photon detectors.

Over the last few years,much progress has been made in observing and controlling the electronic and motional states of atoms inside optical resonators,including a variety of transport[28,29],cooling[30]and trapping[14,31]mechanisms.For most purposes,the quality of the atom-cavity system is measured by the relative sizes of the atomic decay rateΓ,the atom-cavity coupling constant g,and the cavity decay rateκ. The latter are given by[32]

g= 2 ?0V,κ=πc

demonstrated recently[36,37,38],optical cavities that can be integrated into atom chips promise large cooperativity parameters C due to their small mode volume.Moreover,neutral atoms are strong candidates for stationary qubit carriers as they interact only weakly with the environment and possess long decoherence times.For example,the lifetime of the coherence between the(F=1,m F=?1)and(F=2,m F=1) hyper?ne levels of the52S1/2ground state of87Rb has been measured to exceed one second,even when the atoms are held close to the surface of an atom chip in a magnetic microtrap[39].Using silicon as the substrate material means furthermore that all necessary classical control circuits can be created on the same chip,leading to a fully integrated device.Atom-cavity systems on atom chips therefore hold great promise for scalable quantum computing in the near future.

In this article we report on recent e?orts towards quantum computing with single atoms using optical cavities on atom chips.In this setup the successful completion of a quantum-logical gate operation can be heralded either by the deterministic generation and detection of single photons,the absence of single photon emissions or the absence of a macroscopic?uorescence signal.Two cavities,when combined with a reliable transport mechanism such as the magnetic guides and traps implemented on atom chips,are then su?cient to carry out quantum-computational operations on a large number of qubits.In Sections2and3we give a brief description of the methods used to trap atoms above an atom chip and report on recent achievements in combining such systems with optical resonators.In Sections4and5we review recent atom-cavity quantum computing proposals based on the measurements of photons leaking through the resonator mirrors.Finally, we summarise our results in Section6.

2Guiding and trapping single atoms

Atom chips are devices with micro-structured surfaces,which produce magnetic and/or electric?elds and enable the trapping,cooling and manipulation of atomic clouds and single atoms.The magnetic?elds are produced by current-carrying wires or permanently magnetised surfaces and couple to the magnetic dipole moment of the atoms.The small scale of the structure produces strong magnetic?eld gradients which make tight traps for magnetic atoms[35].Figure1(b)shows the?eld of a single wire(shown as a dot)to which a uniform bias?eld has been added.This creates a zero of the magnetic?eld above the wire,surrounded by a region of approximately quadrupole asymmetry.Atoms in a weak-?eld-seeking state will be attracted and held in this region.At a zero of the magnetic?eld,the weak-and strong-?eld-seeking states of the atom are degenerate,so a transition may occur which would lead to repulsion of atoms from the trap.To avoid this, a uniform?eld can be added parallel to the wire[40,41].

Losses can still occur,for example because of current noise caused by thermal?uctuations,though these can be controlled by a suitable choice of material and?lm thickness[42,43].The lithographic process involved in creating the wires or permanent-magnetic structures makes it possible to create complex patterns repeatably and with high precision,which in turn guarantees the scalability of these components.The wires on atom chips have typical widths of1to100μm and thicknesses of1to10μm,and can carry currents on the order of1to10A.This makes it possible to form strong and tight traps,with trap frequencies on the order of10kHz and depths on the order of1mK.Similar trap characteristics have been obtained with micro-patterned permanent-magnetic surfaces[40].Wires patterned using UV-lithography have edges with a feature size of less than100nm and with a surface roughness of less than10nm.This is important to ensure that electrical currents?ow smoothly along the wires,thereby creating a uniform trap for the atoms [44].The atoms still need to be pre-cooled before they can be loaded into these traps,and this is usually done in a magneto-optical trap close to the surface of the chip.

3Integrating optical cavities

Until recently,atom chip experiments have focussed on trapping and manipulating large clouds of atoms, with a view to creating Bose-Einstein condensates(BECs)[45,41,40].However,the reliable delivery and individual control of single cold atoms,each of them carrying one qubit,is a necessity for many quantum

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Figure2:(a)A plane dielectric mirror attached to the tip of a single-mode optical?bre.(b)SEM image of a section through the curved mirror template etched in silicon.(c)schematic of an integrated tuneable optical microcavity combined with a magnetic atom trap.

computing schemes.To achieve this,it must?rst be possible to detect single atoms with a high degree of con?dence[46].Furthermore,as mentioned in the Introduction,the coupling of atoms to the?eld of an optical cavity is a powerful tool for entangling them,and the strength of this coupling increases with decreasing cavity mode volume.The inherently small mode volume of a microcavity therefore provides a strong incentive for the use of such a device for quantum optics experiments.Atom chip circuits enable the positioning of atoms with high accuracy down to the sub-nanometer scale[47].This is an important tool in the attempt to couple atoms stably and accurately to the modes of micro-resonators.

Two types of resonator are being integrated with atom chip technology:whispering-gallery-mode(WGM) [48,49,47,50,38]and Fabry-Perot(FP)microcavities[47,19].WGM cavities have unprecedented quality factors,with the best microsphere resonators approaching Q=1010[48].However,because the intense part of the mode is con?ned within the solid material of the resonator,coupling to the mode has to be made through the weaker evanescent?eld outside.The latter decreases exponentially with distance from the resonator surface,with a decay constant of orderλ/2π.For an atom to interact perceptibly with the resonator mode it must therefore be placed accurately,i.e.to within a small fraction of a wavelength,in close proximity of the resonator surface,where the attractive Van der Waals force on the atom becomes considerable.

A number of WGM devices have been proposed as candidate systems for the detection and manipulation of atoms.Fused-silica microspheres have the highest known quality factors,but the procedure used for fabricating them is not easily included in the production of atom chips.Such a resonator would have to be positioned on the surface and attached to the atom chip using procedures separate from the standard etching and coating steps used in the manufacture of semiconductor chip devices.Furthermore,the dimensions and quality of microspheres vary considerably from one to another[48].Microtoroids are therefore more natural candidates for integration as they can be produced using standard microfabrication techniques,and still o?er very high quality factors[51].Strong coupling between single atoms and the?eld of a microtoroid resonator has in fact been demonstrated recently[38],albeit with atoms passing through the evanescent ?eld in free-fall.While the strong-coupling condition has been experimentally ful?lled for the?rst time for a WGM device,the challenge of reliably positioning atoms in the evanescent?eld with the required accuracy has yet to be surmounted.

By contrast,FP resonators have lower values of?nesse and Q.However,atoms can be placed directly and accurately into the region of highest?eld strength of the cavity mode,leading in practice to higher values of g that are reproducible.Furthermore the requirements on positional accuracy of the atoms within the mode are less stringent because the intensity varies slowly near the antinodes,with a standing wave spacing ofλ/2and a mode waist of3?10μm.For these reasons,the e?orts of several research groups are currently

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Figure3:Number of scattering events expected to occur during the detection of a single atom using a microcavity for a signal-to-noise ratio of10,and a detection e?ciency of unity(solid line),10%(long-dashed) and1%(short-dashed line).

focussed on this type of resonator.One type of FP-microcavity,currently in use at Imperial College London, is a plano-concave resonator consisting of an isotropically etched dip in a silicon surface and the cleaved tip of a single-mode?bre[36].Figure2(a)is a picture taken under an optical microscope of the coated ?bre tip.Initially,the re?ecting?lm is formed by evaporating onto a donor surface to which it is weakly attached.The?bre tip is then aligned to this surface,and glued?rmly to the re?ective coating using a UV-curing,index-matching epoxy.Pulling the?bre away from the donor surface completes the procedure. This abrupt detachment is the cause of the rough edges visible in Figure2(a),but does not damage the re?ecting surface.Figure2(b)is a scanning electron microscope image of the curved silicon mirror substrate. The image shows a specimen which has been cleaved close to the centre to make the curvature more readily discernible.This surface was also subsequently coated with a high-re?ectivity multilayer dielectric?lm using a standard sputtering procedure.A?nesse in excess of5000and a Q-factor of over106have been achieved with cavities of this type.These values are limited by scattering losses caused by the surface roughness of the silicon mirror substrate,which is approximately2nm rms.This can be improved upon by adding a deep reactive ion etching step,or by depositing and thermally re?owing a layer of silica before applying the mirror coating.The present performance values are nonetheless su?cient in principle to detect single atoms with high con?dence,and should also enable the generation of single photons with high e?ciency.This method of making concave mirrors relies on standard silicon etching and coating techniques and is easily included in the chip fabrication procedure.The formation of the microcavity then only requires the positioning of the coated?bre tip above the chip surface,without the need for further coupling optics.However,the cavity still needs to be tuned by an external piezoelectric actuator.The next generation of microcavity will be built on the chip surface in a planar orientation and will be tuned by an integrated electrostatic actuator[52].

Several experimental groups have already succeeded in positioning atoms accurately within the mode of an optical resonator using optical[14,29],electrostatic[53,54]and magnetic[55,56]transport techniques. The positioning of atoms by means of magnetic guides in a microcavity on a chip has also been recently demonstrated using a?bre-coupled microcavity[37].Both mirrors of that microcavity are?bre tips to which concave multilayer dielectric coatings have been applied using a transfer procedure similar to the one described above,but using a convex donor surface.The highest?nesse achieved with this type of microcavity is on the order of1000,limited by mirror roughness.An improved construction uses two?bres with laser-machined concave tips.They are extremely smooth because the curvature is created by evaporation,which allows the surface to re?ow smoothly as it is formed.This results in a surface roughness of less than0.3nm rms.A high-re?ection multilayer dielectric coating is then applied to the tips,giving a?nesse of35000,and a remarkable theoretical single-atom cooperativity C of over250.

The presence of an atom in the mode of a resonator can drastically alter its transmission and re?ection

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properties.In microcavities such as those described above,this e?ect is large enough to allow the detection of single atoms with high con?dence even for modest?nesse values[46,38].This quality alone is already of interest for atom-chip experiments as it can be used to measure in situ the performance of single-atom transport and positioning mechanisms available on atom chips.However,beyond the initial objective of detecting single atoms,it is desirable for QIP purposes that both the kinetic and internal states of the atom be preserved beyond the detection event.Microcavities currently available for atom chips should allow atoms to be detected while keeping the excitation probability far below unity.For example,with a weakly pumped system driven on resonance,the number of scattering events expected to occur during the detection process in a microcavity with C?1is given by[46]

S2

M=

Figure4:(a)Atomic level con?guration for generating a single photon on demand.The u–e transition couples resonantly to the cavity mode and a laser pulse with an adiabatically increasing Rabi frequency?drives the g–e transition.This transfers an atom initially prepared in|g into|u ,while placing exactly one photon into the cavity.(b)An atomic level con?guration,which allows the creation of a photon whose state (early or late)encodes the state of the qubit contained in the atomic ground states|0 and|1 .

of single photons on demand.A photon can be created if the atom is initially prepared in|1 ,while the system cannot generate a photon if the state of the atom is|0 .A laser pulse?rst swaps the states|0 and |1 ,followed by an increasing laser pulse for the generation of a single photon on demand.If this process is repeated,a qubit initially prepared inα|0 +β|1 becomes

α|0 +β|1 ?→α|0,E +β|1,L ,(3) where|E and|L denote an early and a late generated photon,respectively.This encoding step(3)entangles the qubit with a newly generated photon.A measurement on the photon therefore also a?ects the state of the atomic qubit.

If two atoms are initially prepared in an arbitrary two-qubit state of the formα|00 +β|01 +γ|10 +δ|11 , then the encoding step(3)transforms the system according to

α|00 +β|01 +γ|10 +δ|11 ?→α|00,EE +β|01,EL +γ|10,LE +δ|11,LL .(4) A suitably designed measurement then projects the photon pair into a state of the form|EE +e i?1|EL + e i?2|LE +e i?3|LL ,with the result

α|00 +β|01 +γ|10 +δ|11 ?→α|00 +βe?i?1|01 +γe?i?2|10 +δe?i?3|11 .(5) This?nal state di?ers from the initial state by a unitary phase gate.Performing a phase gate in a determin-istic fashion therefore requires only photon-pair measurements,where each of the four possible measurement outcomes is an equal superposition of the states|EE ,|EL ,|LE and|LL .With linear optical elements alone, it is possible to perform these measurements on a basis of two maximally entangled states and two product states[18].The detection of a maximally entangled photon state indicates the realisation of an entangling two-qubit phase gate on the atoms.This is equivalent to a controlled-Z gate up to local phase shifts.The detection of a product state,on the other hand,indicates the realisation of a local phase gate.Since the atomic qubits are not destroyed at any stage of the computation,the implementation of a desired universal entangling phase gate can be repeated until success.

Under realistic conditions,repeat-until-success quantum gates are less than100%successful because of photon loss.Nevertheless,the scheme of[18]can be used to build up cluster states[60,61]with very high ?delity.The detection of a photon pair perfectly heralds the outcome of the gate operation on the atoms as long as dark counts are negligible.Two-dimensional cluster states constitute a very e?cient resource for quantum computing.Once a cluster state has been built,a whole quantum computation can be performed using only single-qubit rotations and single-qubit measurements[26].

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5Atom-cavity schemes for QIP

Instead of entangling atoms in separate cavities,one could achieve entanglement with the atoms placed at two antinodes within the same cavity.This can be done coherently but dissipative processes,which are unavoidable in real resonators,are detrimental.As Zheng and Guo[62]have pointed out,when one tries to minimise spontaneous emission with the help of large detunings,this comes at the expense of slower gate operations.In the end the failure rate is independent of detuning and depends primarily on the single-atom cooperativity parameter C.The scheme was nonetheless successfully implemented with Rydberg atoms ?ying through a high?nesse cavity[67].

In order to lower the requirements on the cooperativity of atom-cavity systems,dissipation can be em-ployed constructively for quantum gate operations by performing appropriate measurements on the system. The?rst example was the1995atom-cavity quantum computing scheme of Pellizzari et al.[63],based on a dissipation-assisted adiabatic passage[64].A hybrid approach using dissipation in the form of an environment-induced quantum Zeno e?ect,whereby the evolution of the system is inhibited by frequent measurement,and adiabatic passages was suggested by Pachos and Walther[22].They predict gate success rates above85%even for C=100.This improvement comes at the expense of a relatively complex stim-ulated Raman adiabatic passage(STIRAP)entangling process.A related but simpler scheme by Yi et al.

[23]achieves gate success rates above80%for C=250.Most recently we have shown(see below)that even better performance can be achieved if the atoms are coupled resonantly to the cavity mode.

In the following,we summarise the scheme by Yi et al.[23],which achieves a controlled phase gate between two atoms trapped inside an optical cavity without having to address the atoms individually.A slight modi?cation of the scheme[23]allows us to achieve gate success rates above90%even for C=250. The scheme is based on a quantum Zeno e?ect combining ideas in Refs.[20,22]and[23].While the scheme by Lim et al.[18],discussed in Section4,uses photon detections to impose an entangling gate operation, the same goal is now achieved by observing the absence of emissions.For C?100,the quantum Zeno e?ect signi?cantly reduces the probability for an emission to take place and schemes based on this e?ect therefore do not depend on having exceptionally e?cient single-photon detectors.Nevertheless,the proposed scheme makes use of measurements to simplify the realisation of the gate.

Suppose two atoms with aΛ-like level con?guration as shown in Figure5(a)are simultaneously trapped inside an optical cavity.The1–2transition of each atom couples with the same coupling constant g to the ?eld mode inside the resonator.Then there exists a?ve-dimensional subspace whose population cannot emit a photon into the cavity.This subspace of so-called dark states is spanned by the qubit states|00 ,|01 , |10 ,|11 and the maximally entangled antisymmetric state

|a12 ≡ |12 ?|21 /√

Figure5:(a)Level con?guration for realising a controlled phase gate between two atoms trapped inside an optical cavity without individual laser addressing.Each qubit is obtained from two di?erent ground states of an atom.A laser?eld with detuning?excites the1–2transition of each atom,which is in resonance with the cavity?eld.Atom1sees the Rabi frequency?,while atom2experiences the Rabi frequency??.(b)

Performance analysis of a single phase gate for the initial states|01 and(|00 +|11 )/

? |1 11 2|?|1 22 2|+H.c. + ?2 i=1|2 ii 2|.(10)

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Together with Eqs.(7)and(8),this yields the e?ective Hamiltonian

H e?=12? |11 a12|+H.c. + ?|a12 a12|.(11) Given the parameter regime(9),the Hamiltonian(11)can be simpli?ed further via an adiabatic elimination of the excited atomic state|a12 .This yields

H e?= ?e?|11 11|,(12) where?e?≡??2/(2?).The corresponding time evolution operator equals

U e?(T,0)=|00 00|+|01 01|+|10 10|+e i?eff T|11 10|(13)

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Figure 6:(a)Macroscopic ?uorescence signal produced in a simulation with C =40.During dark periods,the atoms are in the maximally entangled state (14).(b)Level con?guration of a single atom.Both atoms see the same laser Rabi frequencies ?M and ?L and experience the same atom-cavity coupling constant g and detuning ?.(c)Fidelity of the ?nal state prepared upon the detection of no photon for a time t for various detector e?ciencies η.

and adds a minus sign to the state |11 ,if T =π/|?e?

|.A single laser pulse can therefore indeed be used to realise a controlled phase gate with a very high ?delity even in the presence of non-negligible spontaneous decay rates κand Γ.

This two-qubit gate has the advantage of being highly successful even for relatively moderate cavity parameters.Figure 5(b)shows the ?delity and success rate versus ?/g and ?/g of a controlled phase gate with C =250for the initial states |01 and (|00 +|11 )/√

the0–e transition and the0–1transition are driven by?elds with Rabi frequencies?L and?M,respectively. Given the parameter regime|?M|

|a01 ≡ |01 ?|10 /√

4g2?2

L ,T dark=

64

3

C·T cav,(15)

if?2L/4??M?1.Here we have assumed for simplicity that the0–e and the1–e transition have the same spontaneous decay rates.The ratio of T dark to T cav is crucial for distinguishing a light from a dark period. Eq.(15)shows that it is possible to have T dark almost300times as long as T cav,even when the single-atom cooperativity parameter is as low as40.Since T dark and T light are of about the same size,one does not have to wait very long before the system assumes the desired state(14).

Figure6(c)shows the?delity of the state that is prepared if the laser?eld is turned o?upon the detection of no photon for a time t.Fidelities above95%are achievable even with a detector e?ciency as low as10% and for the realistic cooperativity C=40.This method is robust because it makes use of the dark periods of the telegraph signal.Instead of being a destructive e?ect,dissipation plays a key role in the protocol to generate entanglement.Work is currently underway to use macroscopic light and dark periods for the generation of cluster states for one-way quantum computing[25].

6Conclusions

In Sections2and3,we have reported on recent developments in atom chip technology and have described the integration of optical cavities into atom chips.Microcavities currently available for this purpose have already successfully detected single atoms,and are of su?cient quality to be used for the generation of single photons on demand.Sections4and5outlined possible QIP experiments with single atoms and pairs of atoms trapped in the?eld of optical cavities.In all examples,atoms are entangled by measuring photons leaking through the resonator mirrors.The successful completion of an operation can be heralded by the detection of single photons,the absence of photon emissions or the absence of a macroscopic?uorescence https://www.docsj.com/doc/0414140778.html,ing measurements to herald entanglement leads to a considerable easing of experimental constraints and increases the robustness and scalability of quantum computing architectures.

Acknowledgement. A.B.acknowledges funding from the Royal Society and the GCHQ as a James Ellis University Research Fellow.This work was supported in part by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council through its interdisciplinary Research Collaboration on Quantum Information Processing, and by the European Union Network SCALA.

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初中英语代词用法全解及练习含答案

1、人称代词顺口溜:人称代词有两类,一类主格一类宾;主格代词本领大,一切动作由它发;宾格代词不动脑,介动之后跟着跑。 2、物主代词顺口溜:物主代词不示弱,带着‘白勺’来捣乱;形容词性物主代,抓住名词不放松; 1、人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语。一般在句首,动词前。 例如:John waited a while but eventually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。 John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。 说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中。在电话用语中常用主格。 例如:When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 约翰一到就直接去银行了。 I wish to speak to Mary. This is she. 我想和玛丽通话,我就是玛丽。 2、人称代词的宾格在句中作宾语或表语,在动词或介词后。 例如:Do you know him?(作宾语) 你认识他吗? Who is knocking at the door?It’s me. (作表语) 是谁在敲门?是我。 说明:单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格,即使它代表主语时也是如此。 例如:I like English. Me too. 我喜欢英语。我也喜欢。 3、注意:在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。 例如:I thought it was she.我以为是她。(主格----主格) I thought it to be her.(宾格----宾格) I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。(主格----主格) They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。(宾格----宾格) 4、人称代词并列时的排列顺序 1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为: 第二人称→第三人称→第一人称 即you and I he/she/it and I you, he/she/it and I 顺口溜:第一人称最谦虚,但若错误责任担,第一人称学当先。 例如:It was I and John that made her angry. 2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为: 第一人称→第二人称→第三人称 即we and you you and they we, you and they

With的用法全解

With的用法全解 with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述,以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、 with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成,复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语,复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当,第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当,分词可以是现在分词,也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下: 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词; 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词; 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语; 4. with或without-名词/代词 +动词不定式; 5. with或without-名词/代词 +分词。 下面分别举例: 1、 She came into the room,with her nose red because of cold.(with+名词+形容词,作伴随状语)

2、 With the meal over , we all went home.(with+名词+副词,作时间状语) 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。(with+名词+介词短语,作伴随状语。) The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house,with not a man ,woman or child to say he was kind to me.(with+名词+不定式,作伴随状语)He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代词 +不定式,作条件状语) 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.(with+名词+现在分词,作伴随状语) Without anything left in the with结构是许多英 语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述,以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 二、with结构的用法 with是介词,其意义颇多,一时难掌握。为帮助大家理清头绪,以教材中的句子为例,进行分类,并配以简单的解释。在句子中with结构多数充当状语,表示行为方式,伴随情况、时间、原因或条件(详见上述例句)。 1.带着,牵着…… (表动作特征)。如: Run with the kite like this.

with的用法大全

with的用法大全----四级专项训练with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述,以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、 with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成,复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语,复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当,第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当,分词可以是现在分词,也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下: 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词; 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词; 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语; 4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式; 5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。 下面分别举例:

1、 She came into the room,with her nose red because of cold.(with+名词+形容词,作伴随状语) 2、 With the meal over , we all went home.(with+名词+副词,作时间状语) 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。(with+名词+介词短语,作伴随状语。) The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house,with not a man ,woman or child to say he was kind to me.(with+名词+不定式,作伴随状语) He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代词 +不定式,作条件状语) 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.(with+名词+现在分词,作伴随状语) 6、Without anything left in the cupboard, she went out to get something to eat.(without+代词+过去分词,作为原因状语) 二、with结构的用法 在句子中with结构多数充当状语,表示行为方式,伴随情况、时间、原因或条件(详见上述例句)。

with用法归纳

with用法归纳 (1)“用……”表示使用工具,手段等。例如: ①We can walk with our legs and feet. 我们用腿脚行走。 ②He writes with a pencil. 他用铅笔写。 (2)“和……在一起”,表示伴随。例如: ①Can you go to a movie with me? 你能和我一起去看电影'>电影吗? ②He often goes to the library with Jenny. 他常和詹妮一起去图书馆。 (3)“与……”。例如: I’d like to have a talk with you. 我很想和你说句话。 (4)“关于,对于”,表示一种关系或适应范围。例如: What’s wrong with your watch? 你的手表怎么了? (5)“带有,具有”。例如: ①He’s a tall kid with short hair. 他是个长着一头短发的高个子小孩。 ②They have no money with them. 他们没带钱。 (6)“在……方面”。例如: Kate helps me with my English. 凯特帮我学英语。 (7)“随着,与……同时”。例如: With these words, he left the room. 说完这些话,他离开了房间。 [解题过程] with结构也称为with复合结构。是由with+复合宾语组成。常在句中做状语,表示谓语动作发生的伴随情况、时间、原因、方式等。其构成有下列几种情形: 1.with+名词(或代词)+现在分词 此时,现在分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的主谓关系。 例如:1)With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries. 由于物价上涨很快,我们买不起高档商品。(原因状语) 2)With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace. 在人群的欢呼声中,他们驱车来到皇宫。(伴随情况) 2.with+名词(或代词)+过去分词 此时,过去分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。

独立主格with用法小全

独立主格篇 独立主格,首先它是一个“格”,而不是一个“句子”。在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构,而在这个结构中,没有真正的主语和谓语动词,但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个状语从句,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。除名词/代词+名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词及介词短语外,另有with或without短语可做独立主格,其中with可省略而without不可以。*注:独立主格结构一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。 一、独立主格结构: 1. 名词/代词+形容词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky. 靠近岸时,我看见几汪深池塘,池水碧似蓝天。 2. 名词/代词+现在分词 Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.

The question having been settled, we wound up the meeting. 也可以The question settled, we wound up the meeting. 但含义稍有差异。前者强调了动作的先后。 We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。 3. 名词/代词+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. More time given, we should have done the job much better. *当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,不及物动词用现在分词,及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿,牙关紧闭,双拳紧握,两眼直视上方。 4. 名词/代词+不定式 We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor.

with用法小结

with用法小结 一、with表拥有某物 Mary married a man with a lot of money . 马莉嫁给了一个有着很多钱的男人。 I often dream of a big house with a nice garden . 我经常梦想有一个带花园的大房子。 The old man lived with a little dog on the lonely island . 这个老人和一条小狗住在荒岛上。 二、with表用某种工具或手段 I cut the apple with a sharp knife . 我用一把锋利的刀削平果。 Tom drew the picture with a pencil . 汤母用铅笔画画。 三、with表人与人之间的协同关系 make friends with sb talk with sb quarrel with sb struggle with sb fight with sb play with sb work with sb cooperate with sb I have been friends with Tom for ten years since we worked with each other, and I have never quarreled with him . 自从我们一起工作以来,我和汤姆已经是十年的朋友了,我们从没有吵过架。 四、with 表原因或理由 John was in bed with high fever . 约翰因发烧卧床。 He jumped up with joy . 他因高兴跳起来。 Father is often excited with wine . 父亲常因白酒变的兴奋。 五、with 表“带来”,或“带有,具有”,在…身上,在…身边之意

comparison的用法解析大全

comparison的用法解析大全 comparison的意思是比较,比喻,下面我把它的相关知识点整理给大家,希望你们会喜欢! 释义 comparison n. 比较;对照;比喻;比较关系 [ 复数 comparisons ] 词组短语 comparison with 与…相比 in comparison adj. 相比之下;与……比较 in comparison with 与…比较,同…比较起来 by comparison 相比之下,比较起来 comparison method 比较法 make a comparison 进行比较 comparison test 比较检验 comparison theorem 比较定理 beyond comparison adv. 无以伦比 comparison table 对照表 comparison shopping 比较购物;采购条件的比较调查 paired comp arison 成对比较 同根词 词根: comparing adj. comparative 比较的;相当的 comparable 可比较的;比得上的 adv. comparatively 比较地;相当地 comparably 同等地;可比较地 n.

comparative 比较级;对手 comparing 比较 comparability 相似性;可比较性 v. comparing 比较;对照(compare的ing形式) 双语例句 He liked the comparison. 他喜欢这个比喻。 There is no comparison between the two. 二者不能相比。 Your conclusion is wrong in comparison with their conclusion. 你们的结论与他们的相比是错误的。 comparison的用法解析大全相关文章: 1.by的用法总结大全

With_复合结构详解

介词With 复合结构讲解及练习 with复合结构的作用:with复合结构在句子中作状语,表示原因、时间、条件、伴随、方式等. 1)We sat on the dry grass with our backs to the wall.(作伴随状语) 2)She could not leave with her painful duty unfulfilled.(作原因状语) 3)He lay in bed with his head covered.(作方式状语) 4)Jack soon fell asleep with the light still burning.(作伴随状语) 5)I won't be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.(作原因状语) 6)He sat with his arms clasped around his knees.(作方式状语) 注:with复合结构在句子中还可以作定语,阅读下面的句子。 1)There was a letter for Lanny with a Swiss stamp on it.(作定语修饰letter) 2)It was a vast stretch of country with cities in the distance.(作定语修饰a stretch of country)1) with +宾语+ 现在(短分词语) When mother went into the house, she found her baby was sleeping in bed, with his lips moving. 当妈妈走进房子的时候,她发现自己的孩子正睡在床上,嘴唇一直在动。 My aunt lives in the room with the windows facing south. 我姑妈住在那间窗户朝南开的房间。 With winter coming on,it's time to buy warm clothes 2)with +宾语+ 过去分词(短语) With more and more forests damaged ,some animals and plants are facing the danger of dying out. 由于越来越多的森林遭到破坏,一些动植物正面临着灭绝的危险。 With his legs broken, he had to lie in bed for a long time. 他双腿都断了,只得长时间躺在床上。 3) with +宾语+ 不定式(短语) * With so many children to look after, the nurse is busy all the time. 有这么多的孩子需要照顾,保育员一直都很忙。 *With a lot of papers to correct, M r. Li didn’t attend the party. 李老师有许多试卷需要批改,所以没有参加聚会。 4) with +宾语+ 副词 * You should read with the radio off. 在看书的时候应该把收音机关掉。 * With the temperature up, we had to open all the windows. 气温上升,我们不得不打开所有的窗户。 5) with +宾语+形容词 *With the window open, I felt a bit cold. 窗户开着,我感到有点冷。 * It was cold outside , the boy ran into the room with his nose red. 外面天气很冷,那个男孩跑进了屋子时,鼻子红红的。 6) with +宾语+ 介词短语 * The woman with a baby in her arms is getting on the bus. 怀里抱着婴儿的那位妇女正在上车。 * John starts to work very clearly in the morning and goes on working until late in the afternoon with a break at midday . 约翰早上开始工作,中午稍作休息后又接着工作到下午稍晚些时候。

with的用法

with[wIT] prep.1.与…(在)一起,带着:Come with me. 跟我一起来吧。/ I went on holiday with my friend. 我跟我朋友一起去度假。/ Do you want to walk home with me? 你愿意和我一道走回家吗 2.(表带有或拥有)有…的,持有,随身带着:I have no money with me. 我没有带钱。/ He is a man with a hot temper. 他是一个脾气暴躁的人。/ We bought a house with a garden. 我们买了一座带花园的房子。/ China is a very large country with a long history. 中国是一个具有历史悠久的大国。3.(表方式、手段或工具)以,用:He caught the ball with his left hand. 他用左手接球。/ She wrote the letter with a pencil. 她用铅笔写那封信。4.(表材料或内容)以,用:Fill the glass with wine. 把杯子装满酒。/ The road is paved with stones. 这条路用石头铺砌。5.(表状态)在…的情况下,…地:He can read French with ease. 他能轻易地读法文。/ I finished my homework though with difficulty. 虽然有困难,我还是做完了功课。6.(表让步)尽管,虽然:With all his money, he is unhappy. 尽管他有钱,他并不快乐。/ With all his efforts, he lost the match. 虽然尽了全力,他还是输了那场比赛。7.(表条件)若是,如果:With your permission, I’ll go. 如蒙你同意我就去。8.(表原因或理由)因为,由于:He is tired with work. 他工作做累了。/ At the news we all jumped with joy. 听到这消息我们都高兴得跳了起来。9.(表时间)当…的时候,在…之后:With that remark, he left. 他说了那话就离开了。/ With daylight I hurried there to see what had happened. 天一亮我就去那儿看发生了什么事。10. (表同时或随同)与…一起,随着:The girl seemed to be growing prettier with each day. 那女孩好像长得一天比一天漂亮。11.(表伴随或附带情况)同时:I slept with the window open. 我开着窗户睡觉。/ Don’t speak with your mouth full. 不要满嘴巴食物说话。12.赞成,同意:I am with you there. 在那点上我同你意见一致。13.由…照看,交…管理,把…放在某处:I left a message for you with your secretary. 我给你留了个信儿交给你的秘书了。/ The keys are with reception. 钥匙放在接待处。14 (表连同或包含)连用,包含:The meal with wine came to £8 each. 那顿饭连酒每人8英镑。/ With preparation and marking a teacher works 12 hours a day. 一位老师连备课带批改作业每天工作12小时。15. (表对象或关系)对,关于,就…而言,对…来说:He is pleased with his new house. 他对他的新房子很满意。/ The teacher was very angry with him. 老师对他很生气。/ It’s the same with us students. 我们学生也是这样。16.(表对立或敌对)跟,以…为对手:The dog was fighting with the cat. 狗在同猫打架。/ He’s always arguing with his brother. 他老是跟他弟弟争论。17.(在祈使句中与副词连用):Away with him! 带他走!/ Off with your clothes! 脱掉衣服!/ Down with your money! 交出钱来! 【用法】1.表示方式、手段或工具等时(=以,用),注意不要受汉语意思的影响而用错搭配,如“用英语”习惯上用in English,而不是with English。2.与某些抽象名词连用时,其作用相当于一个副词:with care=carefully 认真地/ with kindness=kindly 亲切地/ with joy=joyfully 高兴地/ with anger=angrily 生气地/ with sorrow=sorrowfully 悲伤地/ with ease=easily 容易地/ with delight=delightedly 高兴地/ with great fluency =very fluently 很流利地3.表示条件时,根据情况可与虚拟语气连用:With more money I would be able to buy it. 要是钱多一点,我就买得起了。/ With better equipment, we could have finished the job even sooner. 要是设备好些,我们完成这项工作还要快些。4.比较with 和as:两者均可表示“随着”,但前者是介词,后者是连词:He will improve as he grows older. 随着年龄的增长,他会进步的。/ People’s ideas change with the change of the times. 时代变了,人们的观念也会变化。5.介词with和to 均可表示“对”,但各自的搭配不同,注意不要受汉语意思的影响而用错,如在kind, polite, rude, good, married等形容词后通常不接介词with而接to。6.复合结构“with+宾语+宾语补足语”是一个很有用的结构,它在句中主要用作状语,表示伴随、原因、时间、条件、方式等;其中的宾语补足语可以是名词、形容词、副词、现在分词、过去分词、不定式、介词短语等:I went out with the windows open. 我外出时没有关窗户。/ He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。/ He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。/ He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl. 他去世时,女儿还是个小学生。/ The old man sat there with a basket beside her. 老人坐在那儿,身边放着一个篮子。/ He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。/ He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。/ I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服,我无法出去了。这类结构也常用于名词后作定语:The boy with nothing on is her son. 没穿衣服的这个男孩子是她儿子。 (摘自《英语常用词多用途词典》金盾出版社) - 1 -

动名词使用全解

动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非谓语动词。它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。 解释:动词的ing形式如果是名词,这个词称动名词。 特征:动词原形+ing构成,具有名词,动词一些特征 一、动名词的作用 动名词具有名词的性质,因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。 1、作主语 Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。 Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山是真有趣。 Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在这种工作条件下工作不是愉快而是痛苦。 动名词作主语,有时先用it作形式主语,把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如: It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。 It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。 It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。 It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。 There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。 动名词作主语的几种类型 动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分。在这里仅就动名词在句子中作主语的情况进行讨论。 动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况: 1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如: Swimming is a good sport in summer. 2. 用it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。 动名词做主语时,不太常用it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如: It is no use telling him not to worry. 常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesti ng,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。 注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。 3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如: There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。 4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如: No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). (禁止吸烟) No parking. (禁止停车) 5. 动名词的复合结构作主语

介词with的用法大全

介词with的用法大全 With是个介词,基本的意思是“用”,但它也可以协助构成一个极为多采多姿的句型,在句子中起两种作用;副词与形容词。 with在下列结构中起副词作用: 1.“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”,如: (1) This article deals with common social ills, with particular attention being paid to vandalism. 2.“with+宾语+过去分词或短语”,如: (2) With different techniques used, different results can be obtained. (3) The TV mechanic entered the factory with tools carried in both hands. 3.“with+宾语+形容词或短语”,如: (4) With so much water vapour present in the room, some iron-made utensils have become rusty easily. (5) Every night, Helen sleeps with all the windows open. 4.“with+宾语+介词短语”,如: (6) With the school badge on his shirt, he looks all the more serious. (7) With the security guard near the gate no bad character could do any thing illegal. 5.“with+宾语+副词虚词”,如: (8) You cannot leave the machine there with electric power on. (9) How can you lock the door with your guests in? 上面五种“with”结构的副词功能,相当普遍,尤其是在科技英语中。 接着谈“with”结构的形容词功能,有下列五种: 一、“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”,如: (10) The body with a constant force acting on it. moves at constant pace. (11) Can you see the huge box with a long handle attaching to it ? 二、“with+宾语+过去分词或短语” (12) Throw away the container with its cover sealed. (13) Atoms with the outer layer filled with electrons do not form compounds. 三、“with+宾语+形容词或短语”,如: (14) Put the documents in the filing container with all the drawers open.

(完整版)with的复合结构用法及练习

with复合结构 一. with复合结构的常见形式 1.“with+名词/代词+介词短语”。 The man was walking on the street, with a book under his arm. 那人在街上走着,腋下夹着一本书。 2. “with+名词/代词+形容词”。 With the weather so close and stuffy, ten to one it’ll rain presently. 天气这么闷热,十之八九要下雨。 3. “with+名词/代词+副词”。 The square looks more beautiful than even with all the light on. 所有的灯亮起来,广场看起来更美。 4. “with+名词/代词+名词”。 He left home, with his wife a hopeless soul. 他走了,妻子十分伤心。 5. “with+名词/代词+done”。此结构过去分词和宾语是被动关系,表示动作已经完成。 With this problem solved, neomycin 1 is now in regular production. 随着这个问题的解决,新霉素一号现在已经正式产生。 6. “with+名词/代词+-ing分词”。此结构强调名词是-ing分词的动作的发出者或某动作、状态正在进行。 He felt more uneasy with the whole class staring at him. 全班同学看着他,他感到更不自然了。 7. “with+宾语+to do”。此结构中,不定式和宾语是被动关系,表示尚未发生的动作。 So in the afternoon, with nothing to do, I went on a round of the bookshops. 由于下午无事可做,我就去书店转了转。 二. with复合结构的句法功能 1. with 复合结构,在句中表状态或说明背景情况,常做伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。With machinery to do all the work, they will soon have got in the crops. 由于所有的工作都是由机器进行,他们将很快收完庄稼。(原因状语) The boy always sleeps with his head on the arm. 这个孩子总是头枕着胳膊睡觉。(伴随状语)The soldier had him stand with his back to his father. 士兵要他背对着他父亲站着。(方式状语)With spring coming on, trees turn green. 春天到了,树变绿了。(时间状语) 2. with 复合结构可以作定语 Anyone with its eyes in his head can see it’s exactly like a rope. 任何一个头上长着眼睛的人都能看出它完全像一条绳子。 【高考链接】 1. ___two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.(04北京) A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of 【解析】A。“with+宾语+不定式”作状语,表示原因。 2. It was a pity that the great writer died, ______his works unfinished. (04福建) A. for B. with C. from D.of 【解析】B。“with+宾语+过去分词”在句中作状语,表示状态。 3._____production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. (NMET) A. As B.For C. With D.Through 【解析】C。“with+宾语+副词”在句中作状语,表示程度。

高中英语教学热点易混点详解之With的复合结构

高中英语教学热点易混点详解之With的复合结构英语中的with复合结构也叫“with+复合宾语”结构,即with+宾语+宾语补足语。其用法归纳如下:“with+复合宾语结构”按其构成可分为: 1、with+宾语+介词短语 1).English lessons are broadcast every day on the radio with explanations in English and other languages. 广播电台每天播放英语课程,并用英语或其他语言进行解说。 2).BBCEnglish broadcasts programmes for China with explanations in Chinese. BBC英语对中国广播的节目是用汉语进行解释的。 2、with+宾语+现在分词 1).The Yangtze River is very busy with so many boats and ships coming and going every day.每天长江上各种船只来来往往显得格外忙碌。 2).The young woman,with a baby sleeping in her arms,was wandering in the street.那位年轻妇女,怀抱一个熟睡的婴儿,漫步在大街上。 3、with+宾语+过去分词 1).The boy was crying with the toy broken.玩具破了,那男孩在哭。 2).You should go to sleep with the light turned off.你应该把灯熄了再睡。 4、with+宾语+动词不定式 1).With so many essays to write,he won’t have time to go shopping this morning.他有那么多文章要写,今天没有时间去买东西。 2).With the dictionary to help him, he tried to finish reading the story-book. 借助词典,他试着把这本书读完。 5、with+宾语+形容词 1).With the door open,the noise of the machine is almost deafening. 由于门开着,机器的噪音几乎震耳欲聋。 2).With the floor wet,I had to stay outside.由于地板潮湿,我只得呆在屋外。 6、with+宾语+副词 1).With her sister out,she had to stay at home alone. 因为她的姐姐出去了,她只得独自呆在家里。 2).The little boy sat in front of the house,with his shoes off. 这个小男孩站在房子前面,他把鞋子给脱了。 “with+复合宾语结构”按其用法可分为:

【初中英语】with的用法

【With的基本用法与独立主格】 with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。 一、with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成,复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语,复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当,第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当,分词可以是现在分词,也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下: 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词; 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词; 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语; 4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式; 5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。 下面分别举例: 1、She came into the room,with her nose red because of cold.(with+名词+形容词,作伴随状语) 2、With the meal over, we all went home.(with+名词+副词,作时间状语) 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。(with+名词+介词短语,作伴随状语。) 4、He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代词+不定式,作条件状语) 5、She fell asleep with the light on.(with+名词+现在分词,作伴随状语) 二、with结构的用法 with是介词,其意义颇多,一时难掌握。为帮助大家理清头绪,以教材中的句子为例,进行分类,并配以简单的解释。在句子中with结构多数充当状语,表示行为方式,伴随情况、时间、原因或条件(详见上述例句)。 1. 带着,牵着……(表动作特征)。如: Run with the kite like this. 2. 附加、附带着……(表事物特征)。如: A glass of apple juice, two glasses of coke, two hamburgers with potato chips, rice and fish. 3. 和……(某人)一起。 a. 跟某人一起(居住、吃、喝、玩、交谈……) 。如: Now I am in China with my parents. Sometimes we go out to eat with our friends. He / She's talking with a friend. b. 跟go, come 连用,有"加入"到某方的意思。如: Do you want to come with me? 4. 和play一起构成短语动词play with 意为"玩耍……,玩弄……" 如: Two boys are playing with their yo-yos. 5. 与help 一起构成help...with...句式,意为"帮助(某人) 做(某事)"。如: On Monday and Wednesday, he helps his friends with their English. 6. 表示面部神情,有“含着……,带着……”如: "I'm late for school," said Sun Y ang, with tears in his eyes. 7. 表示"用……" 如:

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