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induction deduction

induction  deduction
induction  deduction

Deduction归纳:reasoning from general premises, which are known or presumed to be known, to more specific, certain conclusions. Induction演绎:reasoning from specific cases to more general, but uncertain, conclusions.

Deduction:

commonly associated with “formal logic.”

involves reasoning from known premises, or premises presumed to be true, to a certain conclusion.

the conclusions reached are certain, inevitable, inescapable.

It is the form or structure of a deductive argument that determines its validity

the fundamental property of a valid, deductive argument is that if the premises are true, then the conclusion necessarily follows.

The conclusion is said to be “entailed” in, or contained in, the premises Induction

commonly known as “informal logic,” or “everyday argument”

involves drawing uncertain inferences, based on probabalistic reasoning. the conclusions reached are probable, reasonable, plausible, believable. The form or structure of an inductive argument has little to do with its perceived believability or credibility, apart from making the argument seem more clear or more well-organized.

The receiver (or a 3rd party) determines the worth of an inductive argument

Deductive reasoning is either “valid” or “invalid.” A deductive argument can’t be “sort of” valid.

If the reasoning employed in an argument is valid and the argument’s premises are true, then the argument is said to be sound.

Inductive reasoning enjoys a wide range of probability; it can be plausible, possible, reasonable, credible, etc.

The inferences drawn may be placed on a continuum ranging from cogent at one end to fallacious at the other.

问题在于,演绎和归纳并非是根据一般与特殊的关系来定义的。由特殊到一般的推理完全可能是演绎的,比如“张三在看我的博客,所以有人在看我的博客”,又比如“我的右手能写字,我的左手能写字,所以,我的手能写字。”同样的道理,由一般到特殊的推理也完全可能是归纳的。“迄今我知道的乌鸦都是黑色的,所以我即将见到的这只乌鸦是黑色的”。可见,deduction and induction的区别并不在于“一般与特殊”的关系,而是在于其他方面:关键是看前提的真是否能够完全保障结果的真。如果是则为deduction, 如果不是完全保障,那么则是induction。

induction deduction

Deduction归纳:reasoning from general premises, which are known or presumed to be known, to more specific, certain conclusions. Induction演绎:reasoning from specific cases to more general, but uncertain, conclusions. Deduction: commonly associated with “formal logic.” involves reasoning from known premises, or premises presumed to be true, to a certain conclusion. the conclusions reached are certain, inevitable, inescapable. It is the form or structure of a deductive argument that determines its validity the fundamental property of a valid, deductive argument is that if the premises are true, then the conclusion necessarily follows. The conclusion is said to be “entailed” in, or contained in, the premises Induction commonly known as “informal logic,” or “everyday argument” involves drawing uncertain inferences, based on probabalistic reasoning. the conclusions reached are probable, reasonable, plausible, believable. The form or structure of an inductive argument has little to do with its perceived believability or credibility, apart from making the argument seem more clear or more well-organized.

Lab3 - 3 phase induction motor_PE3

University of Glasgow School of Engineering Power Engineering 3 Lab 3 - 3-Phase Induction Motor Student Name……………………………………… Matric No………………………………………….. Introduction In this experiment you will study the performance a squirrel-cage 3-phase induction motor. These motors are very important for many applications and absorb round about 45 % of all energy generated. They come in many sizes, from only a few watts up to several megawatts, and in many shapes, they can have the rotor rotating around the stator and different methods of cooling (e.g., TEFC –totally enclosed fan cooled, IP 55 (ingress protection, outdoor use) is very common, large machines can be water or oil cooled, drip-proof machines (IP 20, indoor use only) will have an internal fan and venting for air inlet and outlet and a fully submersible motor will be IP 68). The 4 pole machine you are using is a total enclosed machine with natural convection cooling. It is low voltage (an educational machine designed to work at less that 50 V line to line) however it can be connected in various ways in a similar way to a normal 3-phase motors working at higher voltages. We will look at the performance of the machine and carry out the following tests and measurements: ?Direction test ?No load test ?Locked rotor test ?Calculation of equivalent circuit parameters ?Obtains torque/speed and current Speed curves from equivalent circuit parameters ?Load test Assessment The 3 laboratory sessions account for 15% of your final mark in Power Engineering 3. You should have with you a bound laboratory book (with graph paper). Record ALL your measured results and any subsequent calculations in your bound laboratory book during the laboratory session, also fill out the necessary results in this lab sheet (this makes it easy for me to check your results during the session). At some point after the lab session you need to write up the results (neatly!) and complete the associated analysis/theory sections before handing in your lab books before the end of the semester.

Math_Strong_Induction

Mathematical Induction and Strong Induction Scope: 1)Mathematical Induction 2)Strong Induction 1. Mathematical Induction 1.1. Introduction & Definition Many mathematical statements assert that a property is true of all positive integers. Example: U=Z+, Show that Mathematical induction is a proof technique that is used to prove a property of a set of positive integers, which is based on the rule of inference: ___________________________ Two Steps: 1.Basis step: Show that 2.Inductive step: Show that Example: We have a line of people. We know that the first person will be told the secret and a person will communicate the secret to the next person in the line. Show that all people will know the secret. 1.Basis step: Since we know that the first person will be told the secret, it follows 2.Inductive step: Let be arbitrary. ------------------------------------------------- Hypothesis person will communicate the secret to the next person+1 in the line ------------------------------------------------- Given fact ___________________________ Because is arbitrary, by universal generalization. Therefore,

归纳法和演绎法的优势和劣势

Advantages and disadvantages of the deductive and inductive grammar teaching methods The deductive approach of teaching: The deductive approach of teaching English grammar refers to the style of teaching students by introducing the grammatical rules first. and then applying them by the students . This means that a teacher works from the more general to the more specific in a deductive approach called informally a " top down”approach. The deductive methods seem to work best if you want students to be able to quickly and accurately solve problems like those worked out in class or in the work.The deductive approach is more predictable because the teacher selects the information and the sequence of presentation.The deductive approach clarifying that the problem many students have applying these various rules indicates that they may not fully understand the concepts involved and that the deductive approach tends to emphasize grammar at the expense of meaning and to promote passive rather than active participation of the students . The inductive approach of teaching: The approach refers to the style of introducing language context containing the target rules where students can induce such rules through the context and practical examples.in other words . the sequence in this approach goes from creating a situation and giving examples to the generalization where students should discover such generalization by themselves or with the teacher ' s help. Teachers show their students a series of examples and non - examples , and then guide them toward noticing a pattern and coming up with the generalization or concept rule.The inductive approach was difficult for weaker or slower students , and that only brighter students were capable of discovering the underlying patterns of a structure. Comparison : the deductive and inductive approaches Teacher ' approaches of teaching English grammar play an important role in classrooms where students should understand what they are taught and how to use it correctly here , we are interested in the deductive and inductive approaches . this interest leads us to review some previous studies which compared between the two of them , or focused on their advantages and disadvantages.

高中历史学习的重要方法归纳法和演绎法

高中历史学习的重要方法:归纳法和演绎法高中历史课程改革,课程结构的重大变化为:以"模块"加"专题"的形式出现,每个模块由若干专题组成,同一模块内的专题在课标上具有相近的教育价值,在内容上具有内在的逻辑联系。模块专题确立遵循古今贯通、中外关联的原则。因而,理清历史线索,通过古今中外同类史实的比较,从历史事实的个别性、偶然性背后探寻一般性和必然性,揭示历史发展的一般规律,进而从历史规律中寻找特殊性,形成对历史的整体认识是至关重要的,是高中历史教学课标要求之一。从中学生心理特征来看,初中阶段学生以形象思维为主;高中阶段学生以逻辑思维为主,具备一定的思维能力,需要教师有深度的引导,形成一定的历史思维。因此,从个别事实走向一般概念、结论的思维方法――归纳法和从一般概念、原理走向个别结论的思维方法――演绎法的运用就显得特别重要。我们必须指导学生运用这两种最基本的思维方法学习历史,建立历史唯物主义的思想观。下面浅谈我在这方面的探索。 一、用归纳法和演绎法提高学生概括、分析历史的思维能力。 高中历史必修二着重反映了人类社会经济发展进程中的重要内容,通过对这部分内容的学习,学生不仅能掌握有关历史的基本知识,培养对人类经济活动的兴趣,还能认识到:影响经济发展的因素有哪些?有哪些经验和教训?从而培养学生关注人类历史命运的基本素养。 我有意识引导学生归纳出影响社会经济发展因素的一般性认识:(1)生产力的发展,这是衡量经济发展的标准,也是驱动经济发展的根本动力,如春秋时期铁器的使用、人类历史上的三次科技革命等,无不促进经济的巨大发展。(2)生产关系的变革调整,如垄断的产生、国家垄断资本主义的产生,促进了资本主义经济的发展。(3)上层建筑的反作用,它包括政治上层建筑和思想上层建筑,如封建专制制度、重农抑商政策对封建经济和资本主义经济有着截然不同的影响。(4)有利的社会环境,包括全局的统一、局部的统一和社会的安定、和平的国际环境和国内环境,促使经济稳步增长。(5)有利的地理资源环境,为经济发展提供物质条件。(6)人民群众的主力作用,如中国人民建设社会主义的积极性使得1956―1966年曲折发展的十年仍取得很大的成就。(7)市场的因素。(8)资金的因素。通过以上八个方面的归纳,学生形成了影响社会经济发展因素的一般性认识。 以上总结可以作为分析不同国家不同时期经济发展原因的基本思路。我接着引导学生以演绎法分析得出同类属性的历史现象的成因。如十一届三中全会后,中国经济取得巨大成就的原因是什么?对于这个问题教材没有进行专门综合分析,学生可用已归纳的思路进行分析:(1)生产力的角度:十一届三中全会后中国制定科教兴国的战略,积极发展国内教育

Induction Program

COMPANY NAME INDUCTION PROCEDURE Introduction The purpose of an induction procedure is to assist a new employee in the "settling down " process. Starting a new job is a stressful experience, due to new situations and demands plus fears of looking silly. During the settling - in period, a new employee is unlikely to be effective or fully productive and may even leave if the feelings of unease are strong enough. It is therefore worth spending time on effective induction, as real cost savings can be made on avoidance of accidents caused through unfamiliarity, rapid achievement of full productivity and avoidence of costs incurred in unneccesary recruitment to replace lost employees. How to induct successfully To achieve successful induction, a systematic plan should be followed. This is to enable records to be kept and thus ensure that information is not missed out. A check list of points to be included in induction is attached. Although induction is of vital importance to new employees, anyone who is promoted or transferred from one job to another should also be inducted. In general, the aim of induction should be to convey a clear picture of the working of the organisation. The Personnel Department. The Personnel Department will be the first calling place for new employees. The following points will be covered : - ? A warm welcome to the Company. The Company and employing Department management structure will be outlined and a brief description of the Company given. ?Employee Qualifications/ Training /Professional Registration details (as appropriate.) will be confirmed and copies taken for personnel files. ?The importance of maintaining appropriate professional registration if required will be emphasised and attention drawn to the contactual requirement to do so. ?The need for confidentiality regarding the Company will be highlighted. ?Pay scales and allowances, method of payment, holiday entitlements, hours of work, pension scheme and trade union arrangements will be explained in detail.

归纳法与演绎法的区别与联系

浅谈归纳法与演绎法的区别与联系 一、归纳法与演绎法的基本概念及应用实例 归纳法或归纳推理,有时叫做归纳逻辑,是根据对某类事务中具有代表性的部分对象及其属性之间必然联系的认识,得出一般性结论的方法。归纳法论证的前提支持结论但不确保结论必然正确,它把特性或关系归结到基于对特殊的代表的有限观察的类型;或公式表达基于对反复再现的现象的模式的有限观察的规律。 应用实例:明朝刘元卿编的《应谐录》中有一个笑话:财主的儿子学写字.这则笑话中财主的儿子得出"四就是四横、五就是五横……"的结论,用的就是"归纳法",不过,这个归纳推出的结论显然是错误的。下面还有一个例子“公鸡归纳法”——某主妇养小鸡十只,公母各半。她预备将母鸡养大留着生蛋,公鸡则养到一百天就陆续杀以佐餐。天天早晨她拿米喂鸡。到第一百天的早晨,其中的一只公鸡正在想:“第一天早晨有米吃,第二天早晨有米吃,……第九十九天早晨有米吃,所以今天,第一百天的早晨,一定有米吃。”这时,该主妇来了,正好把这只公鸡抓去杀了。这只公鸡在第一百天的早晨不但没有吃着米,反而被杀了,虽然它已有九十九天吃米的经验,但不能证明第一百天一定有米吃。 演绎是从一般性知识引出个别性知识,即从一般性前提得出特殊性结论的过程。演绎推理的前提与结论之间存在着必然联系,只要推理的前提正确,推理的形式合乎逻辑,则推出的结论也必然正确。所以运用演绎推理,作者所根据的一般原理即大前提必须正确,而且要和结论有必然的联系,不能有丝毫的牵强或脱节,否则会使人对结论的正确性产生怀疑。 应用实例:毛泽东在《为人民服务》一文中有一段著名的论述:“人总是要死的,但死的意义有不同。中国古时候有个文学家叫做司马迁的说过:‘人固有一死,或重于泰山,或轻于鸿毛。’为人民利益而死,就比泰山还重;替法西斯卖力,替剥削人民和压迫人民的人去死,就比鸿毛还轻。张思德同志是为人民利益而死的,他的死是泰山还要重的。”这段话中就包含着一个完整的演绎论证。“为人民利益而死,就比泰山还重”,是普遍性原理,是论据,是“大前提”;“张思德同志是为人民利益而死的”,是已知的判断,是“小前提”;而“他的死是比泰山还重的”则是结论,也是论点。 二、归纳法与演绎法的区别

高周波热处理(High-frequency induction hardening)

高週波熱處理 (High-frequency induction hardening) 前言 熱處理是藉著加熱與冷卻的操作,使金屬的組織改變,提升金屬本身的機械性質。熱處理可改善材料的特性,其中特性包括:強度、硬度、韌性、耐疲勞性、耐磨耗性、耐腐蝕性等等。 高週波熱處理是指一種利用感應對工件進行加熱的熱處理,因加熱的關係故應用在焠火、回火、正常化、退火、固體熔化、滲碳、熔接等,而一般業界運用於表面硬化,稱為高週波表面淬火,將高週波感應電流,容易集中在工件表面的特性,將表面急速加熱,然後淬火,而達表面硬化。 感應加熱原理 感應加熱原理是將磁性材料放入變化磁場內,會因電磁感應在物件內產生所謂渦電流(eddy current);如圖 1 所示。用此渦電流對工件進行加熱。 圖 1 渦電流 如圖 2 所示,將金屬圓棒放入圓筒形線圈中,對線圈通以高週波電流,則線圈內

側產生交變磁束,電磁感應在金屬棒內產生電動勢,此電動勢使渦電流產生,又稱感應電流。渦電流的方向和線圈電流之方向相反。因為電流的頻率愈高,反向的電流愈接近,電阻降低,此稱近接效應,這兩種反向電流也隨著週波數的增高而分別向表面集中,此稱表皮效果(skin effect);因此可使表面急速加熱,工件中心仍保持低溫或因熱傳導關係使中心溫度少量提升,此即利用高週波電流加熱的方法。 圖 2 電磁感應現象 渦電流的分佈呈指數函數的關係,如圖3 所示。設表面及表面下Xcm 處的電流密度為i。及ix,集中於金屬圓棒表面層附近的感應電流分佈 可表示為: -x/δ |ix︱=|io︱.E 電流的穿透深度與週波數f,導磁係數μs, 電阻係數ρ有關,如下式: δ=5.03x103√ρ/(μs.f) (cm) 式中, δ=穿透深度(cm) (penetration depth) ρ=電阻係數(μΩ.cm) f=週波數(Hz, 周/秒) μs=比導磁係數

1.induction

A i ti Aviation I Induction d ti

General
Civil aircraft are designed g to meet 民航飞机的设计应满足: 民航飞机的设计应满足 (1) Aviation authority requirements 民航局的要求 (2) Customer requirements 客户的要求

Aviation Authority
中国民航总局 (CAAC) 中国香港民航局 (HK-CAD) 美国联邦民航局 (FAA) 日本民航局 (JCAB) ……

Manufacturers
Most civil aircraft are made by 主要的民航飞机制造 商有: -Boeing g (McDonell-Douglas) -Airbus Industry

Manufacturers
Most civil aircraft are powered by 主要的民航飞机的动 力制造商有: -GE 通用电气公司 -P&W 普惠公司 -RR 罗·罗公司 -CFM
CFM56
RR TRENT 800

Maintenance
Inspection 检查
Removal/Installation 拆装
Repair 修补
Many systems help the aircraft fly. These systems must be maintained. The airframe, engine and avionics must also be maintained. 飞机上的各个系统用来协助飞机的飞行 这些系统都需要维护 机身 引擎 航电 飞机上的各个系统用来协助飞机的飞行。这些系统都需要维护。机身、引擎、航电 设备都需要维护。

归纳法与演绎法 PDF

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Induction vs. Deduction In writing, argument is used in an attempt to convince the reader of the truth or falsity of some proposal or thesis. Two of the methods used are induction and deduction. Induction: A process of reasoning (arguing) which infers a general conclusion based on individual cases, examples, specific bits of evidence, and other specific types of premises. Example: In Chicago last month, a nine-year-old boy died of an asthma attack while waiting for emergency aid. After their ambulance was pelted by rocks in an earlier incident, city paramedics wouldn’t risk entering the Dearborn Homes Project (where the boy lived) without a police escort. Thus, based on this example, one could inductively reason that the nine- year-old boy died as a result of having to wait for emergency treatment. Guidelines for logical and valid induction: 1. When a body of evidence is being evaluated, the conclusion about that evidence that is the simplest but still covers all the facts is the best conclusion. 2. The evidence needs to be well-known and understood. 3. The evidence needs to be sufficient. When generalizing from a sample to an entire population, make sure the sample is large enough to show a real pattern. 4. The evidence needs to be representative. It should be typical of the entire population being generalized. Deduction: A process of reasoning that starts with a general truth, applies that truth to a specific case (resulting in a second piece of evidence), and from those two pieces of evidence (premises), draws a specific conclusion about the specific case. Example: Free access to public education is a key factor in the success of industrialized nations like the United States. (major premise) India is working to become a successful, industrialized nation. (specific case) Therefore, India should provide free access to public education for its citizens. (conclusion) Thus, deduction is an argument in which the conclusion is said to follow necessarily from the premise. Guidelines for logical and valid deduction: 1. All premises must be true. 2. All expressions used in the premises must be clearly and consistently defined. 3. The first idea of the major premise must reappear in some form as the second idea in the specific case. 4. No valid deductive argument can have two negative premises. 5. No new idea can be introduced in the conclusion.

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