美国清教主义简介American

美国清教主义简介American Puritanism

名词Puritanism

1. The beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects)

2. Strictness and austerity in conduct and religion

重要地位：American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe. Without some understanding of Puritanism, there can be no real understanding of American culture and literature.

历史渊源

Puritans was the name given in the 16th century to the more extreme Protestants（新教徒，基督教徒）within the Church of England who thought the English Reformation （英国宗教改革）had not gone far enough in reforming the doctrines and structure of the church. They wanted to purify their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence. In the 17th century many Puritans emigrated to the New World, where they sought to found a holy Commonwealth in New England. Puritanism remained the dominant cultural force in that area into the 19th century.

Puritans believed that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were God's chosen people (God's elect 上帝的选民)while others were predestined to be damned to hell. The success of one's work or the prosperity in his calling given by God was the sign of being God's elect. Therefore, everyone must work hard, spend little and invest for more business. Working hard and living a moral life were their ethics. They regarded Bible to be the authority of their doctrine. To be able to read the Bible and understand God's will, education was essential for Puritans.

Puritanism in New England (Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine and Rhode Island) made a great influence on American culture. The Puritans hoped to build "a city upon hill"—an ideal community. New England also established another American tradition—a strain of often intolerant moralism. The Puritans believed that government should enforce God's morality. They strictly punished drunks, adulterers, violators of the Sabbath（安息日）and other religious believers different from themselves. The American values such as individualism, hard work, and respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.

发展与困难

Pushing the frontiers with them as they moved further and further westward, they became more and more preoccupied with business and profits. They became more practical. The very severity of the frontier conditions taught the Americans Puritans to be tougher, to be ever ready for any misfortune and tragic failures that might lie in wait for them.

All through the nineteenth century and especially in the first few decades of the twentieth, Americans Puritans came under violent and often virulent attacks for their religious intolerance and bigotry, for their austerity of taste and killjoy way of life, for the very heritage they bequeathed to the new nation. But the fact still remains that Puritanism alone has been the most powerful shaping factor in the cultural maturity of the

American nation. It has burned its way into the very fabric of American social life, and way down into the American consciousness, so that even the most incorruptible anti-Puritans cannot escape its influence.

深入骨髓：对文学的影响

乐观主义

American literature—or Anglo-American literature—is based on the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. The Puritans dreamed of living under a perfect order and worked with indomitable courage and confident hope toward building a new Garden of Eden in America. With such a sense of mission, the Puritans looked even the worst of life in the face with a tremendous amount of optimism.

Emerson saw the American as Adam himself reborn, standing simple and sincere before the world. Thoreau portrayed himself as an Adam in his Eden. Whitman felt rapturous at the sight of the Americans bustling with activity as the children of Adam restored to their lost paradise. Henry James talked about the innocence and simplicity of his Americans as so many Newmans. The spirit of optimism burst out of the pages of so many American authors. Optimistic Puritan has exerted a great influence on American literature. American authors have been the outset conditioned by the puritan heritage to which American authors have been the most communicative heirs.

象征主义

The American Puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. Puritan doctrine and literary practice contributed to no small extent to the development of an indigenous symbolism. To the pious Puritan the physical phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. Physical life was simultaneously spiritual; every passage of life, en-meshed in the vast context of God’s plan, possessed a delegated meaning. The world was one of multiple significance.

Charles Feidelson: “instinct with meaning by reason of God’s concurrence and susceptible of interpretation by reason of God’s salient act.” Jonathan Edwards saw nature and even the Bible as “radically figurative”. Emerson’s Nature is like a “continuous monologue”. With Hawthorne, Melville, Howells and many others, symbolism as a technique has become a common practice, it is indeed as it should be. This peculiar mode of perception was an essential part of their upbringing.

朴素文风

With regard to technique one naturally thinks of the simplicity, which characterizes the Puritan style of writing. The Puritans have been abhorred for their austerity and rigidity in matters of taste, “notorious” for their distaste for the arts and for any manifestation of sensuous beauty. Although there is an amount of truth in all this, it is perhaps too much a distortion.

As Perry Miller tells us, the Puritans drank and dressed themselves in all the hues of the rainbow. They build schools, encouraged learning, and loved reading, making New England and the east seaboard centers of culture comparable in more ways than one to England and Europe. With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. All this has left an indelible imprint on American writing. American Puritanism has been, by and large, a healthy legacy to the Americans.

What is Calvinism:

It is a series of theological beliefs first promoted by John Calvin (1509-1564), one of the leaders of the Protestant reformation. They were affirmed by the Synod of Dordt (1618-1619 CE) as being the doctrine of salvation which is contained in the Bible. It laid the foundation for Reformed Theology.

Calvinism is often summarized by The Five Points of Calvinism, which are easy to recall by using the acrostic "TULIP:"

T:This usually stands for "Total depravity:" This is often mistaken to mean that humans are all hopelessly, intensely sinful. Actually, it means something quite different: as a result of Adam and Eve's disobedience to God -- the Fall of Man -- sin has extended to all parts of every person's being: "his thinking, his emotions and his will." 1

Sometimes, this has been called "Total inability." This is the concept that it is impossible for the ordinary "natural" human to understand the Gospel's message. They are spiritually helpless. First, God must first decide to intervene in the form of the third personality within the Trinity, the Holy Spirit. Otherwise, the person is lost forever.

U: This stands for "Unconditional Election." This is the concept of predestination: that God has divided humanity into two groups. One group is "the elected." It includes all those whom God has chosen to make knowledgeable about himself. The rest will remain ignorant of God, and the Gospel. They are damned and will spend eternity in Hell without any hope of mercy or cessation of the extreme tortures. God made this selection before the universe was created, and thus before any humans existed. The ground or grounds that God uses to select the lucky few is unknown. What is known is that it is not through any good works on the part of the individual. It is not that he extends knowledge to some in order to find out who will accept salvation and who will not.

There is a degree of tension within the Bible concerni ng precise division of responsibility between God and humans on this matter. The Bible does not resolve this issue.

L: This stands for "Limited atonement" or "Particular Redemption." This is the belief that Jesus did not die to save all humans. He only died for the sake of specific sins of those sinners who are saved.

I: This stands for "Irresistible Grace:" This is the belief that every human whom God has elected will inevitably come to a knowledge of God. The elect cannot resist the call.

P: This stands for "Perseverance of the saints:" This is the "Once saved, always saved" belief -- that everyone who has been saved will remain in that state. God will begin and continue a process of sanctification which will continue until they reach heaven. None are lost; it is impossible for them to lose their salvation.

美国清教主义简介American

美国清教主义简介American Puritanism 名词Puritanism 1. The beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects) 2. Strictness and austerity in conduct and religion 重要地位：American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, rather than a set of tenets, so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe. Without some understanding of Puritanism, there can be no real understanding of American culture and literature. 历史渊源 Puritans was the name given in the 16th century to the more extreme Protestants（新教徒，基督教徒）within the Church of England who thought the English Reformation （英国宗教改革）had not gone far enough in reforming the doctrines and structure of the church. They wanted to purify their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence. In the 17th century many Puritans emigrated to the New World, where they sought to found a holy Commonwealth in New England. Puritanism remained the dominant cultural force in that area into the 19th century. Puritans believed that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. Some were God's chosen people (God's elect 上帝的选民)while others were predestined to be damned to hell. The success of one's work or the prosperity in his calling given by God was the sign of being God's elect. Therefore, everyone must work hard, spend little and invest for more business. Working hard and living a moral life were their ethics. They regarded Bible to be the authority of their doctrine. To be able to read the Bible and understand God's will, education was essential for Puritans. Puritanism in New England (Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine and Rhode Island) made a great influence on American culture. The Puritans hoped to build "a city upon hill"—an ideal community. New England also established another American tradition—a strain of often intolerant moralism. The Puritans believed that government should enforce God's morality. They strictly punished drunks, adulterers, violators of the Sabbath（安息日）and other religious believers different from themselves. The American values such as individualism, hard work, and respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs. 发展与困难 Pushing the frontiers with them as they moved further and further westward, they became more and more preoccupied with business and profits. They became more practical. The very severity of the frontier conditions taught the Americans Puritans to be tougher, to be ever ready for any misfortune and tragic failures that might lie in wait for them. All through the nineteenth century and especially in the first few decades of the twentieth, Americans Puritans came under violent and often virulent attacks for their religious intolerance and bigotry, for their austerity of taste and killjoy way of life, for the very heritage they bequeathed to the new nation. But the fact still remains that Puritanism alone has been the most powerful shaping factor in the cultural maturity of the

湖北师范大学 美国文选论文 从18世纪的美国文学看“美国梦”的特点

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美国历届总统排座次

美国历届总统排座次 美国的历史学家21日给了希望能凭借自己在总统任内创下的不凡政绩而被载入美国最杰出人物史册的克林顿当头一棒，他们对美国历史上的41位总统进行了一次座次总排名，克林顿的位次仅列21，其道德威信更是名列倒数第一，还落后于水门事件的主角理查德-尼克松。 全美国共有58位有影响的历史学家参加了此次由专门报道公众事务的C-SPAN有线电视频道组织的总统座次排名活动，这个节目将在今年的总统日播出。亚伯拉罕-林肯在综合排名中名列第一，其次是富兰克林-德兰诺-罗斯福，排在第三位的是美国第一任总统乔治-华盛顿，第四名是西奥多-罗斯福，哈里-杜鲁门位居第五。 排在最后五位的美国总统依次是威廉姆-亨利-哈里逊、沃伦-哈汀、富兰克林-皮尔斯、仅以一票之差免遭议会弹劾的安德鲁-杰克逊以及詹姆斯-布坎南。曾连任两届的克林顿的综合排名只列在第21位，还落后于只当过一任总统、19 92年试图竞选连任时败在他手下的乔治-布什之后一位，只比他的同党先辈吉米-卡特领先一位。 美国的这些学者给历任总统进行排名的依据主要有10个方面，即公众说服力、危机处理能力、经济管理能力、道德威信、处理国际关系的能力、行政管理能力、处理同国会关系的能力、做事的条理性、谋求彻底的司法公正以及在各自时代里的个人政绩。克林顿在经济管理能力和谋求彻底的司法公正两方面得分较高，都排在第五位。之所以他的综合排名位居中游，主要同他的道德威信排在最后一位有关。 有目共睹，克林顿当政期间的美国经济的持续增长是历史上最长的，但他的同样众所周知的同前白宫实习生莱温斯基的绯闻和因之而起的在1998年12月进行的弹劾案，则使他的所有成绩都打了折扣。与他同病相怜的还有前总统尼克松，后者在因水门丑闻而面临被国会弹劾的情况下辞职，其道德威信一项排在第40位，综合排名列第25位。

清教主义对美国社会的影响

清教主义对美国社会的影响 ■ 李津 〔内容摘要〕清教产生于17、18世纪的英国，随后清教徒们为了躲避政治和宗教的迫害，纷纷踏上北美大陆。作为新英格兰最早的移民，清教徒以及他们的清教主义对北美殖民地的政治、经济、文化等方方面面产生了深远影响并对后来美国主流文化和价值观的形成起到了重要作用。 〔关键词〕清教；美国社会；美国价值观 〔作者简介〕李津，天津外国语学院研究生部英语语言文学专业硕士研究生，研究方向：美国社会文化 一、清教主义和美国文化 美国文化源于清教文化，由清教徒移民时传入北美。美国主流价值观都可以追溯到殖民地时期一统天下的清教文化。 清教徒是16世纪中叶英国国教会内以加尔文学说为旗帜的改革派，他们因为不满教会改革，要求清除腐败而遭迫害，后逃到北美大陆，并将清教思想扎根于美洲。“他们提倡勤俭清洁的生活，希望在新大陆上建造自己的山巅之城”①。 清教徒构成了当时北美移民的主体，在新英格兰北部更是清一色的清教徒。“清教主义成为当时人们共同的价值观，他们提倡的思想主要有：虔敬，谦卑，严肃，诚实，勤勉和节俭”②。在这些价值观下，清教徒不畏陌生艰

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美国文学的“美国梦”情结

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Inaugural Address of George Bush FRIDAY, JANUARY 20, 1989 Mr. Chief Justice, Mr. President, Vice President Quayle, Senator Mitchell, Speaker Wright, Senator Dole, Congressman Michel, and fellow citizens, neighbors, and friends: There is a man here who has earned a lasting place in our hearts and in our history. President Reagan, on behalf of our Nation, I thank you for the wonderful things that you have done for America. I have just repeated word for word the oath taken by George Washington 200 years ago, and the Bible on which I placed my hand is the Bible on which he placed his. It is right that the memory of Washington be with us today, not only because this is our Bicentennial Inauguration, but because Washington remains the Father of our Country. And he would, I think, be gladdened by this day; for today is the concrete expression of a stunning fact: our continuity these 200 years since our government began. We meet on democracy's front porch, a good place to talk as neighbors and as friends. For this is a day when our nation is made whole, when our differences, for a moment, are suspended. And my first act as President is a prayer. I ask you to bow your heads: Heavenly Father, we bow our heads and thank You for Your love. Accept our thanks for the peace that yields this day and the shared faith that makes its continuance likely. Make us strong to do Your work, willing to heed and hear Your will, and write on our hearts these words: "Use power to help people." For we are given power not to advance our own purposes, nor to make a great show in the world, nor a name. There is but one just use of power, and it is to serve people. Help us to remember it, Lord. Amen. I come before you and assume the Presidency at a moment rich with promise. We live in a peaceful, prosperous time, but we can make it better. For a new breeze is blowing, and a world refreshed by freedom seems reborn; for in man's heart, if not in fact, the day of the dictator is over. The totalitarian era is passing, its old ideas blown away like leaves from an ancient, lifeless tree. A new breeze is blowing, and a nation refreshed by freedom stands ready to push on. There is new ground to be broken, and new action to be taken. There are times when the future seems thick as a fog; you sit and wait, hoping the mists will lift and reveal the right